(2008). [e-Book] Science Dissemination using Open Access: A compendium of selected literature on Open Access, ICTP – The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics. Texto completo: http://www.veterinaria.org/revistas/revivec/libros/cover_oa.pdf
El libro sobre Open Access: “Science Publication using Open Access”, es una recopilación de textos editada por E.Canessa y M.Zennaro con una licencia Creative Commons: Attribution- Noncomercial-No Derivative Works.y pretende guiar a la comunidad científica sobre los requisitos de acceso abierto.
"Els repositoris institucionals: entre la gestió i l’avaluació." Jornades Catalanes de Documentació vol. 12, n. (2010). pp. 1. http://www.cobdc.org/jornades/12JCD/materials/comunicacions/AZORIN_repositoris_institucionals.pdf
The Digital Repository of Documents of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (DDD) is an institutional repository which collects, manages and disseminates materials that have produced in the institution, just as since its opening in November 2006, it has also stored and promoted digitized collections as a result of the participation in projects funded by the government. First of all, with this introduction we would like sharing some lessons that we have learned during the management of digitization projects, trying to focus on our established work procedures and tools for verifying the quality of digitized collections. Second, we would like to describe the information flows that we use to collect the institutional scientific production of UAB. Third, we conduct a survey on the quality evaluation criteria of repositories, based on DINI recommendations (Deutsche Initiative für Netzwerkinformation) and some other audit initiatives. As a conclusion, we would appreciate and share any possible improvements that can be implemented in our repository.
"Guía para la evaluación de repositorios institucionales de investigaciónV 1.0, Diciembre 2010]." Feycit vol., n. (2010). pp.: http://www.recolecta.net/buscador/documentos/GuiaEvaluacionRecolectav1.0-1.pdf
Existen estudios relevantes y directorios sobre la situación de los repositorios institucionales basados en su identificación/censo y en recoger las características que los definen (básicamente: software, disciplina y tipo y cantidad de documentos). En nuestro país durante los últimos cuatro años ha habido un seguimiento exhaustivo del número y tipo de repositorios (Melero, 2009) a través del cual se observa un crecimiento constante y también un importante déficit de definición tanto del marco como de los servicios que deben prestar los repositorios. Ante esta situación, la presente Guía para la evaluación de repositorios institucionales de investigación pretende ofrecer a nivel español un conjunto de directrices, basadas en criterios internacionales ya existentes, que ayuden a dichos repositorios a mejorar su calidad.
(2012). [e-Book] Assessing the role of librarians in an Open Access world, InTech. Texto completo: http://www.intechopen.com/js/ckeditor/kcfinder/upload/files/Role%20of%20the%20Librarian_Survey_Findings_Jun12.pd f
This online survey was designed to gauge how the library community is responding to Open Access (OA) publishing in order to better understand librarians’ opinions of OA and what the main benefits and concerns are perceived to be. Also to understand how the role of the librarian may change in the future as a result of OA, in terms of how librarians can best assist their communities in publishing and accessing content under this evolving business model.
Adni, R. "The Impact of Open Access Initiative on Knowledge Sharing." E-LIS. E-prints in Library and Information Science vol., n. (2011). pp.: http://eprints.rclis.org/handle/10760/16778
The main focus of this paper is to look at the role of the open access initiative (OAI) as a channel for knowledge sharing that could be used for the disseminate knowledge and research funding. For this purpose OAI was selected for analytical as role communication among the research. To assess if the articles found in the OAI contents knowledge sharing a method called contextual analysis was used. The result showed that OAI can aptly serve as a tool for disseminate knowledge and sharing ideas. By analysis is these material, OAI might be able to drive benefits directly or indirectly and eventually become beneficial took for scholars in their.
Antelman, K.. and S. Harnad "Evaluation of Algorithm Performance on Identifying OA. (Unpublished)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11689/1/sigdet.pdf
This is a second signal-detection analysis of the accuracy of a robot in detecting open access (OA) articles (by checking by hand how many of the articles the robot tagged OA were really OA, and vice versa). A first analysis, on a smaller sample (Biology: 100 OA, 100 non-OA), had found a detectability (d') of 2.45 and bias of 0.52 (hits 93%, false positives 16%; Biology %OA: 14%; OA citation advantage: 50%). The present analysis on a larger sample (Biology: 272 OA, 272 non-OA) found a detectability of 0.98 and bias of 0.78 (hits 77%, false positives, 41%; Biology %OA: 16%; OA citation advantage: 64%) An analysis in Sociology (177 OA, 177 non-OA) found near-chance detectability (d' = 0.11) and an OA bias of 0.99 (hits, 54%, false alarms, 49%; prior robot estimate Sociology %OA: 23%; present estimate 15%). It was not possible from these data to estimate the Sociology OA citation advantage. CONCLUSIONS: The robot significantly overcodes for OA. In Biology 2002, 40% of identified OA was in fact OA. In Sociology 2000, only 18% of identified OA was in fact OA. Missed OA was lower: 12% in Biology 2002 and 14% in Sociology 2000. The sources of the error are impossible to determine from the present data, since the algorithm did not capture URLs for documents identified as OA. In conclusion, the robot is not yet performing at a desirable level and future work may be needed to determine the causes, and improve the algorithm.
Arencibia Jorge, R. "Acimed en el Web Citation Index: de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud al ISI Web of Knowledge, 15 años después." E-LIS: E-Prints in Library and Information Science vol. 16, n. 6 (2007). pp.: http://bvs.sld.cu/revistas/aci/vol16_6_07/aci031207.htm
Editors page on the Acimed journal and itÇs inclusion in the Web Citation Index, a new service of Thomson Scientific.
Banks, M. A. and R. Dellavalle "Emerging alternatives to the impact factor." OCLC Systems & Services vol. 24, n. 3 (2008). pp. 167-173. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/10650750810898200
This paper aims to document the proliferating range of alternatives to the impact factor that have arisen within the past five years, coincident with the increased prominence of open access publishing.
Barrueco, J. M. "Medición del uso e impacto de documentos distribuidos a través de repositorios institucionales." BiD: textos universitaris de biblioteconomia i documentació vol., n. 20 (2008). pp.: http://www2.ub.edu/bid/consulta_articulos.php?fichero=20barru2.htm
Entre los retos que tienen planteados los repositorios institucionales está el demostrar y cuantificar con datos objetivos que los trabajos disponibles en abierto se citan y se utilizan más que el resto. Algunos repositorios están incluyendo análisis del uso de sus documentos. También existen proyectos a nivel internacional dedicados a la elaboración de índices de citas. De momento estas iniciativas son aisladas. Para obtener una evaluación precisa será necesario integrar los resultados procedentes de distintas instituciones y disciplinas tendentes a obtener indicadores globales que permitan la comparación entre autores, instituciones, etc. En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta de arquitectura destinada a permitir la recopilación, distribución y agregación de los datos necesarios para llevar a cabo una medición del uso e impacto de los trabajos almacenados en repositorios institucionales.
Bernal, I. "Open Access and the Changing Landscape of Research Impact Indicators: New Roles for Repositories." Publications vol. 1, n. (2013). pp. 57-77. http://hdl.handle.net/10261/79872
The debate about the need to revise metrics that evaluate research excellence has been ongoing for years, and a number of studies have identified important issues that have yet to be addressed. Internet and other technological developments have enabled the collection of richer data and new approaches to research assessment exercises. Open access strongly advocates for maximizing research impact by enhancing seamless accessibility. In addition, new tools and strategies have been used by open access journals and repositories to showcase how science can benefit from free online dissemination. Latest players in the debate include initiatives based on alt-metrics, which enrich the landscape with promising indicators. To start with, the article gives a brief overview of the debate and the role of open access in advancing a new frame to assess science. Next, the work focuses on the strategy that the Spanish National Research Council?s repository DIGITAL.CSIC is implementing to collect a rich set of statistics and other metrics that are useful for repository administrators, researchers and the institution alike. A preliminary analysis of data hints at correlations between free dissemination of research through DIGITAL.CSIC and enhanced impact, reusability and sharing of CSIC science on the web.
Bosc, H. "Pour une plus grande visibilit? des travaux des chercheurs : l'exemple de l?archive ouverte PhysiologieAnimale http://phy043.tours.inra.fr:8080." Cogprints vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://cogprints.org/4412/
Pour leur travail, les chercheurs ont besoin d?acc?der sans frein aux r?sultats de la recherche des autres et leur objectif est de faire conna?tre leurs travaux au plus grand nombre.
Brody, T. "Citation Analysis in the Open Access World. Interactive Media International . (In Press)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10000/1/tim_oa.pdf
Recent reports by the UK Parliament Committee on Science and Technology and the US House Appropriations Committee have recommended mandating that researchers provide Open Access (OA) to their research articles by self-archiving them free for all on the Web. OA is now firmly on the agenda for funding agencies, universities, libraries and publishers. What is needed now is objective, quantitative evidence of the benefits of OA to research authors, their institutions, their funders and to research itself. Web-based analysis of usage and citation patterns is providing this evidence.
Brody, T. and S. Harnad "Comparing the Impact of Open Access (OA) vs. Non-OA Articles in the Same Journals. D-Lib Magazine, 10 (6)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10207/1/06harnad.html
The way to test the impact advantage of Open Access (OA) is not to compare the citation impact factors of OA and non-OA journals but to compare the citation counts of individual OA and non-OA articles appearing in the same (non-OA) journals. Such ongoing comparisons are revealing dramatic citation advantages for OA.
Brody, T. and A. Swan "Incentivizing the Open Access Research Web: Publication-Archiving, Data-Archiving and Scientometrics." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2007). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/14418/1/ctwatch.html
Open Access (OA) means free online access to the publications (P-OA), but OA can also be extended to the data (D-OA). The two hurdles for D-OA are that not all researchers want to make their data OA and that the online infrastructure for D-OA still needs additional functionality. In contrast, all researchers, without exception, do want to make their publications P-OA, and the online infrastructure for publication-archiving (a worldwide interoperable network of OAI-compliant Institutional Repositories [IRs]) already has all the requisite functionality for this. Yet because so far only about 15% of researchers are spontaneously self-archiving their publications today, their funders and institutions are beginning to mandate OA self-archiving in order to maximize the usage and impact of their research output. The adoption of these P-OA self-archiving mandates needs to be accelerated. Researchers’ careers and funding already depend on the impact (usage and citation) of their research. It has now been repeatedly demonstrated that making publications OA by self-archiving them in an OA IR dramatically enhances their research impact. Research metrics (e.g., download and citation counts) are increasingly being used to estimate and reward research impact, notably in the UK Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). But those metrics first need to be tested against human panel-based rankings in order to validate their predictive power.
Brody, T. C. L. H. S. and A. Swan "Time to Convert to Metrics." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2007). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/14329/2/rfortnightX.pdf
The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) will be a parallel metric and panel exercise. It is hence a natural testbed for validating candidate metrics against the panel rankings.If Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information and the father of Scientometrics had come of age in the online era, he would have been developing Open Access Scientometrics at the University of Southampton
Brody, T. H. S. and L. Carr "Earlier Web Usage Statistics as Predictors of Later Citation Impact." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology vol. 57, n. 8 (2006). pp. 1060-1072.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10713/2/timcorr.htm
The use of citation counts to assess the impact of research articles is well established. However, the citation impact of an article can only be measured several years after it has been published. As research articles are increasingly accessed through the Web, the number of times an article is downloaded can be instantly recorded and counted. One would expect the number of times an article is read to be related both to the number of times it is cited and to how old the article is. This paper analyses how short-term Web usage impact predicts medium-term citation impact. The physics e-print archive -- arXiv.org -- is used to test this.
Brody, T. and O. Charles "The effect of Open Access on Citation Impact. In: National Policies on Open Access (OA) Provision for University Research Output: an International meeting, Southampton, 19 February 2004, Southamtpon University. (Unpublished)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/9941/1/OATAnew.pdf
Physics articles self-archived in arXiv have up to 4 times as much citation impact as articles that are not self-archived.
Ciber "CIBER 1999-2009." E-LIS: E-Prints in Library and Information Science vol., n. (2009). pp.: http://www.uniciber.it/index.php?id=535 , http://www.ledizioni.it/catalogo/catalogo_10.CIBER1999-2009.html
The volume was published on the tenth anniversary of CIBER - Comitato Interuniversitario Banche Dati and Editoria in Rete - the library consortium based in Central-Southern Italy. It collects 14 contributions that cover different aspects. Starting with a brief history of the consortium the publication continues covering different topics related to the experience of CIBER in licensing and managing electronic resources. Some papers describe the evolution of CIBER digital platform run by CASPUR supercomputing Consortium as well as the behaviours of its users. The volume ends with three papers on research assessment and Open access, citation adavantages and OA and the experience of University of Salento e-publishing experience.
Costas, R., C. Calero-Medina, et al. (2013). [e-Book] Development of indicators based on the performance of Editorial Board Members to predict the potential impact of scientific journals The Netherlands SURF. Texto completo: http://www.surf.nl/en/publicaties/Documents/CWTSreport_AVector_20130321.pdf
There is an urgent need for reliable and valid ways to judge the quality of journals in the sciences, social sciences and humanities, and this is particularly relevant for open access journals. Although a majority of the scientific and scholarly communities has expressed its preference for open access forms of scientific publication in surveys, most researchers do not publish their work in open access journals (Dallmeier-Tiessen et al., 2011). Apart from the problem of developing the best business models of funding open access publications, the lack of reliable indicators of quality of these journals can be seen as an important barrier for these journals. Many open access journals are relatively new. Therefore, they do not yet have a visible impact on the scientific community based on their already published papers. This makes it difficult for researchers to determine which of the newly available open access journals are of sufficiently high quality to be worthy of their publications.
Craig, I. D., A. M. Plume, et al. "Do open access articles have greater citation impact?: A critical review of the literature." Journal of Informetrics vol. 1, n. 3 (2007). pp. 239-248. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B83WV-4P18BNV-1/2/78819b964b25ea8dcd2b7013f3ba74e4
The last few years have seen the emergence of several open access options in scholarly communication which can broadly be grouped into two areas referred to as `gold' and `green' open access (OA). In this article we review the literature examining the relationship between OA status and citation counts of scholarly articles. Early studies showed a correlation between the free online availability or OA status of articles and higher citation counts, and implied causality without due consideration of potential confounding factors. More recent investigations have dissected the nature of the relationship between article OA status and citations. Three non-exclusive postulates have been proposed to account for the observed citation differences between OA and non-OA articles: an open access postulate, a selection bias postulate, and an early view postulate. The most rigorous study to date (in condensed matter physics) showed that, after controlling for the early view postulate, the remaining difference in citation counts between OA and non-OA articles is explained by the selection bias postulate. No evidence was found to support the OA postulate per se; i.e. article OA status alone has little or no effect on citations. Further studies using a similarly rigorous approach are required to determine the generality of this finding.
Davis, P. M. "Author-choice open-access publishing in the biological and medical literature: A citation analysis." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology vol. 60, n. 1 (2009). pp. 3. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121564022/issue
In this article, we analyze the citations to articles published in 11 biological and medical journals from 2003 to 2007 that employ author-choice open-access models. Controlling for known explanatory predictors of citations, only 2 of the 11 journals show positive and significant open-access effects. Analyzing all journals together, we report a small but significant increase in article citations of 17%. In addition, there is strong evidence to suggest that the open-access advantage is declining by about 7% per year, from 32% in 2004 to 11% in 2007.
Deana, D. "Gli archivi ad accesso aperto e I'impatto delle pubblicazioni." Biblioteche Oggi vol. 26, n. 1 (2008). pp. 9-16. http://www.bibliotecheoggi.it/content/20080100901.pdf
The author intends to demonstrate that the articles placed in the open access archives have usually better impact and how this advantage can be measured only by means of indicators based on the number of citations an article has collected. Different kinds of indicators appear less reliable. At the end of the article some applications, developed in order to measure the impact of articles published in open access archives, are described and evaluated.
Düzyol, G., Z. Ta?k?n, et al. "Mapping the Intellectual Structure of the Open Access Field Through Co-citation Analysis." Satellite Pre-conference: Open Access to Science Information Trends, Models and Strategies for Libraries vol., n. (2010). pp.: http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar/tonta-duzyol-taskin-ifla-satellite-2010.pdf
Open access has been one of the major research trends and hottest topics in electronic publishing. This paper aims to assess the evolution of open access as a research field using bibliometric and scientific visualization techniques. It maps the intellectual structure of open access based on 281 articles that appeared in professional literature on the topic between 2000 and 2010. Using bibliometric and co-citation analyses, co-citation patterns of papers are visualized through a number of co-citation maps. CiteSpace was used to analyze and visualize co-citation maps. Maps show major areas of research, prominent articles, major knowledge producers and journals in the field of open access. The letter written by Steven Lawrence (?Free online availability substantially increases a paper?s impact?, 2001) appears to be the most prominent source as it was cited the most. The journal article by Kristin Antelman (?Do open Access articles have a greater research impact?, 2004) and the report by Alma Swan and Sheridan Brown (?Open access self-archiving: An author study?, 2005) are the second most highly cited papers in the network. JASIS / JASIST is the most frequently cited journal by the authors writing on open access. The most recent research topics appear to be institutional repositories, open access publishing/open access journals and scientific communication. Stevan Harnad is most frequently co-cited author, followed by Alma Swan, Steven Lawrence and Peter Suber. The preliminary findings show that open access is an emerging research field. Findings of this study can be used to identify landmark papers along with their impact in terms of providing different perspectives and engendering new research areas.
Eysenbach, G. "Citation Advantage of Open Access Articles." PLoS Biology vol. 4, n. 5 (2006). pp.:
http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040157
Open access (OA) to the research literature has the potential to accelerate recognition and dissemination of research findings, but its actual effects are controversial. This was a longitudinal bibliometric analysis of a cohort of OA and non-OA articles published between June 8, 2004, and December 20, 2004, in the same journal (PNAS: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences). Article characteristics were extracted, and citation data were compared between the two groups at three different points in time: at “quasi-baseline” (December 2004, 0–6 mo after publication), in April 2005 (4–10 mo after publication), and in October 2005 (10–16 mo after publication). Potentially confounding variables, including number of authors, authors' lifetime publication count and impact, submission track, country of corresponding author, funding organization, and discipline, were adjusted for in logistic and linear multiple regression models. A total of 1,492 original research articles were analyzed: 212 (14.2% of all articles) were OA articles paid by the author, and 1,280 (85.8%) were non-OA articles. In April 2005 (mean 206 d after publication), 627 (49.0%) of the non-OA articles versus 78 (36.8%) of the OA articles were not cited (relative risk = 1.3 [95% Confidence Interval: 1.1–1.6]; p = 0.001). 6 mo later (mean 288 d after publication), non-OA articles were still more likely to be uncited (non-OA: 172 [13.6%], OA: 11 [5.2%]; relative risk = 2.6 [1.4–4.7]; p < 0.001). The average number of citations of OA articles was higher compared to non-OA articles (April 2005: 1.5 [SD = 2.5] versus 1.2 [SD = 2.0]; Z = 3.123; p = 0.002; October 2005: 6.4 [SD = 10.4] versus 4.5 [SD = 4.9]; Z = 4.058; p < 0.001). In a logistic regression model, controlling for potential confounders, OA articles compared to non-OA articles remained twice as likely to be cited (odds ratio = 2.1 [1.5–2.9]) in the first 4–10 mo after publication (April 2005), with the odds ratio increasing to 2.9 (1.5–5.5) 10–16 mo after publication (October 2005). Articles published as an immediate OA article on the journal site have higher impact than self-archived or otherwise openly accessible OA articles. We found strong evidence that, even in a journal that is widely available in research libraries, OA articles are more immediately recognized and cited by peers than non-OA articles published in the same journal. OA is likely to benefit science by accelerating dissemination and uptake of research findings.
Eysenbach, G. "La ventaja del Acceso Abierto." RevistaeSalud.com vol. 18, n. 5 (2009). pp.: http://www.revistaesalud.com/index.php/revistaesalud/article/viewArticle/311/647
Un estudio publicado hoy en la revista PLoS Biology aporta evidencias sólidas que indican que los artículos de acceso libre son reconocidos y citados con mayor prontitud que los que no lo son. Este editorial aporta datos de seguimiento adicionales extraídos de los análisis de la misma cohorte en abril 2006, de 17 a 21 meses después de la publicación. Dichos datos sugieren que la diferencia en cuanto a número de citas sigue ampliándose. Se llega a la conclusión de que "la ventaja del acceso libre" tiene al menos tres componentes: (1) una ventaja en la frecuencia en la que se cita (un sistema para medir la asimilación del conocimiento dentro de una comunidad científica específica), (2) una ventaja en la respuesta del usuario y (3) una ventaja en el enriquecimiento interdisciplinario. Se necesitan más estudios y JMIR invita a realizarlos acerca de todos los aspectos del acceso libre. Mientras que las ventajas de publicar mediante acceso libre se hacen claramente visibles desde el punto de vista del investigador, todavía persisten dudas acerca de su sostenibilidad. Esta revista es el ejemplo vivo de que los modelos de publicación eficientes pueden crear revistas de acceso libre exitosas. Las herramientas de código abierto desarrolladas por el Public Knowledge Project (Proyecto de conocimiento público) en la Universidad British Columbia, con colaboraciones del grupo Epublishing & Open Access (E-publicaciones y acceso libre) en el Centre for Global eHealth Innovation (Centro para la innovación global de la E-Salud) de Toronto, se muestran como una alternativa para incluir revistas en sitios editoriales comerciales de acceso directo
Ferwerda, E., R. Snijder, et al. (2013). [e-Book] A project exploring Open Access monograph publishing in the Netherlands OAPEN-NL: Final Report. The Hague, The Netherlands, OAPEN-NL Texto completo: http://alturl.com/m2uav
Report about the OAPEN-NL project which explored open access monographs. The aim was to gain knowledge and experience of both the publication and funding of open access books in the Dutch context. Monographs still play an important role in scholarly communication, particularly in the Humanities and Social Sciences. Humanities and Social Sciences have suffered from the serials crises, as library funds for the purchase of monographs came under pressure. OAPEN-NL explored the opportunities and possibilities for the open access business model for monographs. Between June 2011 and November 2012, fifty Open Access monographs in various subject areas were published in Open Access by nine participating publishers. For every Open Access title, the publishers provided a similar title that was published in the conventional way. Data were collected about usage, sales and costs, to study the effect of Open Access on monographs. OAPEN-NL consisted of a quantitative and a qualitative research component, measuring the effects of Open Access publishing and the perceptions and expectations of publishers and authors. OAPEN-NL developed four models for cost recovery, used by the participating publishers. OAPEN-NL found no evidence of an effect of Open Access on sales. Neitherwas there evidence of the effect of Open Access on citations. But there was a clear effect on online usage. Online usage improved for the Open Access books. The exploration resulted in recommendations to improve Open Access for monographs, and are aimed at all stakeholders in academic book publishing: funders, libraries, publishers and authors. Additional there are overall recommendations and recommendations for future research and for OAPEN.
Gadd, E., C. Oppenheim, et al. "RoMEO studies 1: the impact of copyright ownership on academic author self-archiving." Journal of Documentation vol. 59, n. 3 (2003). pp.:
http://angelina.emeraldinsight.com/vl=8753123/cl=40/nw=1/fm=docpdf/rpsv/cw/mcb/00220418/v59n3/s1/p243
This is the first of a series of studies emanating from the UK JISC-funded RoMEO Project (Rights Metadata for Open-archiving) which investigated the IPR issues relating to academic author self-archiving of research papers. It considers the claims for copyright ownership in research papers by universities, academics, and publishers by drawing on the literature, a survey of 542 academic authors and an analysis of 80 journal publisher copyright transfer agreements. The paper concludes that self-archiving is not best supported by copyright transfer to publishers. It recommends that universities assert their interest in copyright ownership in the long term, that academics retain rights in the short term, and that publishers consider new ways of protecting the value they add through journal publishing.
Guédon, J.-C. "La lunga ombra di Oldenburg : i bibliotecari, i ricercatori, gli editori e il controllo dell'editoria scientifica [Per la pubblicità del sapere : i bibliotecari, i ricercatori, gli editori e il controllo dell'editoria scientifica]." E-LIS: E-Prints in Library and Information Science vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://bfp.sp.unipi.it/ebooks/guedon.htm lhttp://bfp.sp.unipi.it/rete/oldenburg.htm
In the last 50 years, publishers have managed to transform scholarly journals?traditionally, a secondary, unpromising publishing venture at best?into big business. How they have managed to create extremely high profit rates is a story that has not yet been clearly told. What is the real basis behind this astounding capability? What is the source of their power? How can it be subverted? This presentation will address these questions, but more research is clearly needed, and it is of such scope as to require a concerted, sustained effort. Recently, because of the advent of digitization and the Internet, the technical system of scientific communication has undergone a profound change that is still unfolding. The imposition of site licenses and the corresponding development of library consortia signal changes so deep that the very status of the "document" and the ways in which individuals may interact with it appear quite incommensurable with the past. The role of libraries is also deeply subverted, as we shall see. The consequences stemming from these developments are difficult to ascertain, but we can be sure that scientific communication is morphing. This presentation will endeavor to sketch out two scenarios that are presently unfolding on courses that, although relatively separate for the moment, will eventually collide. Each one of these scenarios corresponds to a different take on the paradigmatic shift. Which one will win is unclear; it may even be that these two scenarios will compete for quite some time. In any case, we need to acquire an image of the territory we are entering, however grained, and of the forces that are shaping its contours, if mapping out strategies is of the essence. In effect, this presentation asks whether the results of fundamental research in science, technology, and medicine?results that clearly stand at a pre-competitive stage if viewed in commercial terms, results that may even, in some cases, save lives?will remain part of humanity?s knowledge commons, or whether they will be gradually confiscated for the benefit of smaller and smaller scientific and business elites.
Hajjem, C. and S. Harnad "Citation Advantage For OA Self-Archiving Is Independent of Journal Impact Factor, Article Age, and Number of Co-Authors. (Unpublished)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2007). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/13329/2/eysen.pdf
Eysenbach has suggested that the OA (Green) self-archiving advantage might just be an artifact of potential uncontrolled confounding factors such as article age (older articles may be both more cited and more likely to be self-archived), number of authors (articles with more authors might be more cited and more self-archived), subject matter (the subjects that are cited more, self-archive more), country (same thing), number of authors, citation counts of authors, etc. Chawki Hajjem (doctoral candidate, UQaM) had already shown that the OA advantage was present in all cases when articles were analysed separately by age, subject matter or country. He has now done a multiple regression analysis jointly testing (1) article age, (2) journal impact factor, (3) number of authors, and (4) OA self-archiving as separate factors for 442,750 articles in 576 (biomedical) journals across 11 years, and has shown that each of the four factors contributes an independent, statistically significant increment to the citation counts. The OA-self-archiving advantage remains a robust, independent factor. Having successfully responded to his challenge, we now challenge Eysenbach to demonstrate -- by testing a sufficiently broad and representative sample of journals at all levels of the journal quality, visibility and prestige hierarchy -- that his finding of a citation advantage for Gold OA (articles published OA on the high-profile website of the only journal he tested (PNAS) over Green OA articles in the same journal (self-archived on the author's website) was not just an artifact of having tested only one very high-profile journal.
Hajjem, C. and S. Harnad "The Open Access Citation Advantage: Quality Advantage Or Quality Bias? (Unpublished)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2007). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/13328/2/moed.pdf
Many studies have now reported the positive correlation between Open Access (OA) self-archiving and citation counts ('OA Advantage,' OAA). But does this OAA occur because (QB) authors are more likely to self-selectively self-archive articles that are more likely to be cited (self-selection 'Quality Bias': QB)? or because (QA) articles that are self-archived are more likely to be cited ('Quality Advantage': QA)? The probable answer is both. Three studies [by (i) Kurtz and co-workers in astrophysics, (ii) Moed in condensed matter physics, and (iii) Davis & Fromerth in mathematics] had reported the OAA to be due to QB [plus Early Advantage, EA, from self-archiving the preprint before publication, in (i) and (ii)] rather than QA. These three fields, however, (1) have less of a postprint access problem than most other fields and (i) and (ii) also happen to be among the minority of fields that (2) make heavy use of prepublication preprints. Chawki Hajjem has now analyzed preliminary evidence based on over 100,000 articles from multiple fields, comparing self-selected self-archiving with mandated self-archiving to estimate the contributions of QB and QA to the OAA. Both factors contribute, and the contribution of QA is greater.
Hajjem, C., S. Harnad, et al. "Ten-Year Cross-Disciplinary Comparison of the Growth of Open Access and How it Increases Research Citation Impact." IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin vol. 28, n. 4 (2005). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11688/01/ArticleIEEE.pdf
To further test its cross-disciplinary generality, we used 1,307,038 articles published across 12 years (1992-2003) in 10 disciplines (Biology, Psychology, Sociology, Health, Political Science, Economics, Education, Law, Business, Management). We designed a robot that trawls the Web for full-texts using reference metadata (author, title, journal, etc.) and citation data from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) database. A preliminary signal-detection analysis of the robot's accuracy yielded a signal detectability d'=2.45 and bias = 0.52. The overall percentage of OA (relative to total OA + NOA) articles varies from 5%-16% (depending on discipline, year and country) and is slowly climbing annually (correlation r=.76, sample size N=12, probability p < 0.005). Comparing OA and NOA articles in the same journal/year, OA articles have consistently more citations, the advantage varying from 25%-250% by discipline and year. Comparing articles within six citation ranges (0, 1, 2-3, 4-7, 8-15, 16+ citations), the annual percentage of OA articles is growing significantly faster than NOA within every citation range (r > .90, N=12, p < .0005) and the effect is greater with the more highly cited articles (r = .98, N=6, p < .005). Causality cannot be determined from these data, but our prior finding of a similar pattern in physics, where percent OA is much higher (and even approaches 100% in some subfields), makes it unlikely that the OA citation advantage is merely or mostly a self-selection bias (for making only one's better articles OA). Further research will analyze the effect's timing, causal components and relation to other variables, such as, download counts, journal citation averages, article quality, co-citation measures, hub/authority ranks, growth rate, longevity, and other new impact measures generated by the growing OA database.
Hajjem, C. G. Y. B. T. C. L. and S. Harnad "Open Access to Research Increases Citation Impact. (Submitted)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2005). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11687/1/chawki2.doc
We analyzed the effect of providing 'Open Access' (OA; free online access to research articles) on their 'citation impact' (how often they are cited). Using a subset of the ISI CD-ROM database from 1992 - 2003, we compared, within each journal and year, articles to which their authors had (OA) or had not (NOA) provided open access by self-archiving them on the web. The number of OA and NOA articles and their respective citation counts were calculated within biology, business, psychology and sociology journals. The percentage of OA articles varied from 5-20% (mean and median, 12%). The citation counts (OA-NOA/NOA) showed a consistent OA advantage (mean 96%, median 73%) for all four fields and 28 subspecialties tested, varying from 25% to over 250%. An OA impact advantage has already been reported in the physical sciences and engineering (physics, computer science), but there was uncertainty about whether the same thing happens in other disciplines. Our data now show that both the biological and the social sciences show the OA advantage, and are hence likewise losing substantial amounts of potential impact for the 80-95% of their articles that are not yet self-archived. These results confirm that a mandatory self-archiving policy on the part of research institutions and funders would greatly enhance the impact of research results in all disciplines.
Hajjem, C. H. S. and Y. Gingras "(2005) Ten-Year Cross-Disciplinary Comparison of the Growth of Open Access and How it Increases Research Citation Impact. IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, 28 (4). pp. 39-47." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11688/1/ArticleIEEE.pdf
In 2001, Lawrence found that articles in computer science that were openly accessible (OA) on the Web were cited substantially more than those that were not. We have since replicated this effect in physics. To further test its cross-disciplinary generality, we used 1,307,038 articles published across 12 years (1992-2003) in 10 disciplines (Biology, Psychology, Sociology, Health, Political Science, Economics, Education, Law, Business, Management). We designed a robot that trawls the Web for full-texts using reference metadata (author, title, journal, etc.) and citation data from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) database. A preliminary signal-detection analysis of the robot's accuracy yielded a signal detectability d'=2.45 and bias = 0.52. The overall percentage of OA (relative to total OA + NOA) articles varies from 5%-16% (depending on discipline, year and country) and is slowly climbing annually (correlation r=.76, sample size N=12, probability p < 0.005). Comparing OA and NOA articles in the same journal/year, OA articles have consistently more citations, the advantage varying from 25%-250% by discipline and year. Comparing articles within six citation ranges (0, 1, 2-3, 4-7, 8-15, 16+ citations), the annual percentage of OA articles is growing significantly faster than NOA within every citation range (r > .90, N=12, p < .0005) and the effect is greater with the more highly cited articles (r =.98, N=6, p < .005). Causality cannot be determined from these data, but our prior finding of a similar pattern in physics, where percent OA is much higher (and even approaches 100% in some subfields), makes it unlikely that the OA citation advantage is merely or mostly a self-selection bias (for making only one's better articles OA). Further research will analyze the effect's timing, causal components and relation to other variables, such as, download counts, journal citation averages, article quality, co-citation measures, hub/authority ranks, growth rate, longevity, and other new impact measures generated by the growing OA database.
Haque, A.-u. and P. Ginsparg "Positional effects on citation and readership in arXiv." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology vol. 60, n. 11 (2009). pp. 2203-2218. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/asi.21166
Haque, A.-u. and P. Ginsparg "Last but not least: Additional positional effects on citation and readership in arXiv." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology vol. 61, n. 12 (2010). pp. 2381-2388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.21428
Abstract We continue investigation of the effect of position in announcements of newly received articles, a single day artifact, with citations received over the course of ensuing years. Earlier work focused on the “visibility” effect for positions near the beginnings of announcements, and on the “self-promotion” effect associated with authors intentionally aiming for these positions, with both found correlated to a later enhanced citation rate. Here we consider a “reverse-visibility” effect for positions near the ends of announcements, and on a “procrastination” effect associated with
submissions made within the 20 minute period just before the daily deadline. For two large subcommunities of theoretical high-energy physics, we find a clear “reverse-visibility” effect, in which articles near the ends of the lists receive a boost in both short-term readership and long-term citations, almost comparable in size to the “visibility” effect documented earlier. For one of those subcommunities, we find an additional “procrastination” effect, in which last position articles submitted shortly before the deadline have an even higher citation rate than those that land more accidentally in that position. We consider and eliminate geographic effects as responsible for the above, and speculate on other possible causes, including “oblivious” and “nightowl” effects.
Hardy, R. O. C. B. T. and S. Hitchcock "Open Access Citation Information." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11536/1/OA_Citation_Information_FINAL_Extended_Report.DOC
A primary objective of this research is to identify a framework for universal citation services for open access (OA) materials, an ideal structure for the collection and distribution of citation information and the main requirements of such services. The work led to a recommended proposal that focuses on: • OA contents in IRs rather than on wider OA sources. • Capture and validation of well-structured reference metadata at the point of deposit in the IR. • Presentation of this data to harvesting services for citation indexes. The aim of the proposal is to increase the exposure of open access materials and their references to indexing services, and to motivate new services by reducing setup costs. A combination of distributed and automated tools, with some additional effort by authors, can be used to provide more accurate, more comprehensive (and potentially free) citation indices than currently exist.
Harnad, S. "Enrich Impact Measures Through Open Access Analysis." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10205/1/BMJ.html
The ISI journal-impact factor is merely a tiny dumbed-down portion of the rich emerging spectrum of objective impact indicators; it now needs to be dumbed-up, not dumped
Harnad, S. "Research Access, Impact and Assessment. Times Higher Education Supplement, 1487 . p. 16." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/5950/1/thes1.html
The RAE can help hasten the freeing of access to the research literature by mandating that all UK universities self-archive all their annual refereed research in their own eprint archives. The harvesters (e.g., http://citebase.eprints.org) will provide newer and richer measures of research performance and impact with the help of citation-linking services for open archives (http://opcit.eprints.org is an international collaboration between Southampton, Cornell and the Los Alamos National Laboratory, jointly supported by the NSF in the US and JISC in the UK). Both the citation impact and the usage (download) impact, for the papers and the authors at UK universities and abroad, will be not only accessible but assessable continuously online by anyone who is interested, any time, instead of just in a quadrennial RAE exercise.
Harnad, S. "OA Impact Advantage = EA + (AA) + (QB) + QA + (CA) + UA. (Unpublished)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2005). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12085/1/OAA.html
The OA impact advantage arises from at least the following 6 component factors, three of them (2,3,5) temporary, three of them permanent (1,4,6): 1. EA: EARLY ADVANTAGE, beginning already at the pre-refereeing preprint stage. Research that is reported earlier can begin being used and built upon earlier. The result turns out to be not just that it gets its quota of citations sooner, but that quota actually goes up, permanently. This is probably because earlier uptake has a greater cumulative effect on the research cycle. 2. (AA): ARXIV ADVANTAGE, the special advantage of self-archiving specifically in Arxiv for physicists, because it is a central point of call: OAI-interoperable Institutional Repositories is likely -- for many reasons -- to supersede this, so it will eventually make zero difference which OAI-compliant IR one deposits in, as access will be through OAI cross-archive harvesters, not directly through individual OAI Archives. 3. (QB): QUALITY BIAS, arsing from article/author self-selection; this does not play a causal role in increasing impact: The higher-quality (hence also higher-impact) articles/authors are somewhat more likely to be self-archived/self-archivers in these early (15%) days of self-archiving: this bias will of course vanish as self-archiving approaches 100%). 4. QA: QUALITY ADVANTAGE, allowing the high-quality articles to compete on a level playing field, freed of current handicaps and biasses arising from access affordability differences. A permanent effect. 5. (CA): COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE, for self-archived papers over non-self-archived ones, in early (15%) days; this too will of course disappear once self-archiving nears 100%, but at this moment it is in fact a powerful extra incentive, for the low % self-archiving fields, institutions and individuals. 6. UA: USAGE ADVANTAGE: OA articles are downloaded and read three times as much. This too is a permanent effect. (There is also a sizeable correlation between early download counts and later citation counts.)
Harnad, S. "The Green and Gold Roads to Maximizing Journal Article Access, Usage and Impact. Haworth Press (occasional column), July 1." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11093/1/haworth2.pdf
The 'green' road to maximizing research access is for each author to deposit a supplementary 'Open Access' (OA) copy of their own articles online in their own institutional repository for any would-be user webwide whose institution cannot afford to subscribe to the journal in which that particular article was published. There is a second road to Open Access too, one that has not yet been fully tested, and hence still holds some uncertainties and risks for publishers: the 'golden' road of Open Access (OA) Journal Publishing. Whereas the golden road of OA publishing may prove to be the road of the future for journal publishing, the road to maximizing journal article access, usage and impact right now is the green road of OA self-archiving.
Harnad, S. "Maximizing Research Impact Through Institutional and National Open-Access Self-Archiving Mandates." Cogprints vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://cogprints.org/4787/
No research institution can afford all the journals its researchers may need, so all articles are losing research impact (usage and citations). Articles made ?Open Access,? (OA) by self-archiving them on the web are cited twice as much, but only 15% of articles are being spontaneously self-archived. The only institutions approaching 100% self-archiving are those that mandate it. Surveys show that 95% of authors will comply with a self-archiving mandate; the actual experience of institutions with mandates has confirmed this. What institutions and funders need to mandate is that (1) immediately upon acceptance for publication, (2) the author?s final draft must be (3) deposited into the Institutional Repository. Only the depositing needs to be mandated; set-ting access privileges to the full-text as either OA or Restricted Access (RA) can be left up to the author. For articles published in the 93% of journals that have already endorsed self-archiving, access can be set as OA immediately; for the remaining 7%, authors can email the eprint in response to individual email requests automatically forwarded by the Repository.
Harnad, S. "Maximizing Research Impact Through Institutional and National Open-Access Self-Archiving Mandates. In: CRIS2006. Current Research Information Systems: Open Access Institutional Repositories, 11-13 May 2006, Bergen, Norwa." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12093/2/harnad-crisrev.pdf
No research institution can afford all the journals its researchers may need, so all articles are losing research impact (usage and citations). Articles made “Open Access,” (OA) by self-archiving them on the web are cited twice as much, but only 15% of articles are being spontaneously self-archived. The only institutions approaching 100% self-archiving are those that mandate it. Surveys show that 95% of authors will comply with a self-archiving mandate; the actual experience of institutions with mandates has confirmed this. What institutions and funders need to mandate is that (1) immediately upon acceptance for publication, (2) the author’s final draft must be (3) deposited into the Institutional Repository. Only the depositing needs to be mandated; set-ting access privileges to the full-text as either OA or Restricted Access (RA) can be left up to the author. For articles published in the 93% of journals that have already endorsed self-archiving, access can be set as OA immediately; for the remaining 7%, authors can email the eprint in re-sponse to individual email requests automatically forwarded by the Repository.
Harnad, S. "Online, Continuous, Metrics-Based Research Assessment. (Unpublished)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12130/1/rae-metric.html
As predicted, and long urged, the UK's wasteful, time-consuming Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) is to be replaced by metrics. RAE outcome is most closely correlated (r = 0.98) with the metric of prior RCUK research funding (this is no doubt in part a 'Matthew Effect'), but research citation impact is another metric highly correlated with the RAE outcome, even though it is not explicitly counted. Now it can be explicitly counted (along with other powerful new performance metrics) and all the rest of the ritualistic time-wasting can be abandoned, without further ceremony. This represents a great boost for institutional self-archiving in Open Access Institutional Repositories, not only because that is the obvious, optimal means of submission to the new metric RAE, but because it is also a powerful means of maximising research impact, i.e., maximising those metrics.
Harnad, S. "Publish or Perish — Self-Archive to Flourish: The Green Route to Open Access. ERCIM News, 64." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11715/1/harnad-ercim.pdf
The online-age practice of self-archiving has been shown to increase citation impact by a dramatic 50-250%, but so far only 15% of researchers are actually doing it. If a country invests R billion Euros in its research, this translates into the loss of 50% x 85% = 42.5% or close to R/2 billion Euros’ worth of potential citation impact simply for failing to self-archive it all. It is as if someone bought R billion Euros worth of batteries and lost 42.5% of their potential usage simply for failing to refrigerate them all before use. Europe is losing almost 50% of the potential return on its research investment until research funders and institutions mandate that all research findings must be made freely accessible to all would-be users, webwide
Harnad, S. "Open Access to Research: Changing Researcher Behaviour Through University and Funder Mandates." JeDEM vol. 3, n. 1 (2011). pp. 33-41. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/22401/1/harnad-jedem.pdf
The primary target of the worldwide Open Access initiative is the 2.5 million articles published every year in the planet's 25,000 peer-reviewed research journals across all scholarly and scientific fields. Without exception, every one of these articles is an author give-away, written, not for royalty income, but solely to be used, applied and built upon by other researchers. The optimal and inevitable solution for this give-away research is that it should be made freely accessible to all its would-be users online and not only to those whose institutions can afford subscription access to the journal in which it happens to be published. Yet this optimal and inevitable solution, already fully within the reach of the global research community for at least two decades, has been taking a remarkably long time to be grasped. The problem is not particularly an instance of "eDemocracy" one way or the other; it is an instance of inaction because of widespread misconceptions (reminiscent of Zeno's Paradox). The solution is for the world's research institutions and funders to (I) extend their existing "publish or perish" mandates so as to (II) require their employees and fundees to maximise the usage and impact of the research they are employed and funded to conduct and publish by (III) depositing their final drafts in their Open Access (OA) Institutional Repositories immediately upon acceptance for publication in order to (IV) make their findings freely accessible to all their potential users webwide. OA metrics can then be used to measure and reward research progress and impact; and multiple layers of links, tags, commentary and discussion can be built upon and integrated with the primary research.
Harnad, S. and T. Brody "Prior evidence that downloads predict citations." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.:
http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10206/1/BMJ1.html
Pernbeger's (2004) finding that download counts (what we call 'usage impact') of British Medical Journal articles predict citation counts ('citation impact') for those articles in subsequent years confirm what Tim Brody's online usage/citation correlator http://citebase.eprints.org/analysis/correlation.php has been demonstrating for several years now across a number of areas in physics and mathematics ( Brody & Harnad 2004, in prep.): There is a significant correlation between downloads today and citations two years later.
Harnad, S., T. Brody, et al. "The Access/Impact Problem and the Green and Gold Roads to Open Access: An Update." Serials Review vol. 30, n. 4 (2004). pp.:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W63-4S0HC0P-1/2/273ce267efe063d9e089fef26cd0bb16
The research access/impact problem arises because journal articles are not accessible to all of their would-be users; hence, they are losing potential research impact. The solution is to make all articles open access (OA, i.e., accessible online, free for all). OA articles have significantly higher citation impact than non-OA articles. There are two roads to OA: the 'golden' road (publish your article in an OA journal) and the 'green' road (publish your article in a non-OA journal but also self-archive it in an OA archive). About 10% of journals are gold, but over 90% are already green (i.e., they have given their authors the green light to self-archive); yet only about 10-20% of articles have been self-archived. To reach 100% OA, self-archiving needs to be mandated by researchers' employers and funders, as they are now increasingly beginning to do.
Harnad, S., T. Brody, et al. "The Access/Impact Problem and the Green and Gold Roads to Open Access." Serials Review vol. 30, n. 4 (2004). pp. 310-314.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W63-4DS8FN9-F/2/8604ea015ea3f8c71f055271f050255a
The research access/impact problem arises because journal articles are not accessible to all of their would-be users; hence, they are losing potential research impact. The solution is to make all articles Open Access (OA; i.e., accessible online, free for all). OA articles have significantly higher citation impact than non-OA articles. There are two roads to OA: the 'golden' road (publish your article in an OA journal) and the 'green' road (publish your article in a non-OA journal but also self-archive it in an OA archive). Only 5% of journals are gold, but over 90% are already green (i.e., they have given their authors the green light to self-archive); yet only about 10-20% of articles have been self-archived. To reach 100% OA, self-archiving needs to be mandated by researchers' employers and funders, as the United Kingdom and the United States have recently recommended, and universities need to implement that mandate.
Harnad, S. and M. Santiago-Delefosse "Maximiser l'impact de la recherche en psychologie au moyen de l'auto-archivage.
L'initiative pour l'accEs libre aux articles scientifiques." Pratiques Psychologiques vol. 10, n. 3 (2004). pp. 273-282. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B75DM-4D98WVF-1/2/0e7f9864ad2a2a2b74c57c26d5a2cf57
The authors discuss the causal link between research access and research impact to demonstrate the benefits of providing Open Access to published research articles through author self-archiving on the Web. The special case of the international visibility of francophone research output in psychology is discussed.
Harnad, S. and E. Hilf "The Access/Impact Problem and the Green and Gold Roads to Open Access. Serials review, 30." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/9939/1/impact.html
The research access/impact problem arises because journal articles are not accessible to all of their would-be users, hence they are losing potential research impact. The solution is to make all articles Open Access (OA, i.e., accessible online, free for all). OA articles have significantly higher citation impact than non-OA articles. There are two roads to OA: the 'golden' road (publish your article in an OA journal) and the 'green' road (publish your article in a non-OA journal but also self-archive it in an OA archive). Only 5% of journals are gold, but over 90% are already green (i.e., they have given their authors the green light to self-archive); yet only about 10-20% of articles have been self-archived. To reach 100% OA, self-archiving needs to be mandated by researchers' employers and funders, as the UK and US have recently recommended, and universities need to implement that mandate.
Herb, U. "OpenAccess Statistics: Alternative Impact Measures for Open Access documents? An examination how to generate interoperable usage information from distributed Open Access services." L'information scientifique et technique dans l'univers numérique. Mesures et usages vol., n. (2010). pp. 165-178. http://eprints.rclis.org/19068/1/preprint.pdf
Publishing and bibliometric indicators are of utmost relevance for scientists and research institutions as the impact or importance of a publication (or even of a scientist or an institution) is mostly regarded to be equivalent to a citation-based indicator, e.g. in form of the Journal Impact Factor or the Hirsch-Index. Both on an individual and an institutional level performance measurement depends strongly on these impact scores. This contribution shows that most common methods to assess the impact of scientific publications often discriminate Open Access publications ? and by that reduce the attractiveness of Open Access for scientists. Assuming that the motivation to use Open Access publishing services (e.g. a journal or a repository) would increase if these services would convey some sort of reputation or impact to the scientists, alternative models of impact are discussed. Prevailing research results indicate that alternative metrics based on usage information of electronic documents are suitable to complement or to relativize citation-based indicators. Furthermore an insight into the project OpenAccess- Statistics OA-S is given. OA-S implemented an infrastructure to collect document-related usage information from distributed Open Access Repositories in an aggregator service in order to generate interoperable document access information according to three standards (COUNTER, LogEc and IFABC). The service also guarantees the deduplication of users and identical documents on different servers. In a second phase it is not only planned to implement added services like recommender.
Hitchcock, S., D. Bergmark, et al. "Open Citation Linking: The Way Forward." D-Lib Magazine vol. 8, n. 10 (2002). pp.:
The speed of scientific communication — the rate of ideas affecting other researchers' ideas — is increasing dramatically. The factor driving this is free, unrestricted access to research papers. Measurements of user activity in mature eprint archives of research papers such as arXiv have shown, for the first time, the degree to which such services support an evolving network of texts commenting on, citing, classifying, abstracting, listing and revising other texts. The Open Citation project has built tools to measure this activity, to build new archives, and has been closely involved with the development of the infrastructure to support open access on which these new services depend. This is the story of the project, intertwined with the concurrent emergence of the Open Archives Initiative (OAI). The paper describes the broad scope of the project's work, showing how it has progressed from early demonstrators of reference linking to produce Citebase, a Web-based citation and impact-ranked search service, and how it has supported the development of the EPrints.org software for building OAI-compliant archives. The work has been underpinned by analysis and experiments on the semantics of documents (digital objects) to determine the features required for formally perfect linking — instantiated as an application programming interface (API) for reference linking — that will enable other applications to build on this work in broader digital library information environments.
Hitchcock, S., L. Carr, et al. "Developing services for open eprint archives: globalisation, integration and the impact of links." Cogprints vol., n. (2000). pp.: http://cogprints.org/1644/
The rapid growth of scholarly information resources available in electronic form and their organisation by
Hitchcock, S. and S. Harnad "Evaluating Citebase, an open access Web-based citation-ranked search and impact discovery service. (Unpublished)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/8204/1/Evaluating_Citebase_TR.pdf
Citebase is a new citation-ranked search and impact discovery service that measures citations of scholarly research papers which are openly accessible on the Web, i.e. papers that are assessable continuously online. Other services, such as ResearchIndex, have emerged in recent years to offer citation indexing of Web research papers. In the first detailed user evaluation of an open access Web citation indexing service, Citebase has been evaluated by nearly 200 users from different backgrounds. The paper details the procedures used in the evaluation, and analyses the results of this study, which took place between June and October 2002. It was found that within the scope of its primary components, the search interface and services available from its rich bibliographic records, Citebase can be used simply and reliably for the purpose intended, and that it compares favourably with other bibliographic services. It is shown tasks can be accomplished efficiently with Citebase regardless of the background of the user. More data need to be collected and the process refined before it is as reliable for measuring citation impact of indexed papers. Better explanations and guidance are required for first-time users. Coverage is seen as a limiting factor, even though Citebase indexes over 200,000 papers from arXiv. Non-physicists were frustrated at the lack of papers from other sciences. The principle of citation searching of open access archives has thus been demonstrated and need not be restricted to current users. Since the evaluation, Citebase has become a featured service of the ArXiv physics eprint archives.
Houghton, J. W. and A. Swan "Planting the Green Seeds for a Golden Harvest: Comments and Clarifications on "Going for Gold"." D-Lib Magazine vol. 19, n. 1 (2013). pp.:
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january13/houghton/01houghton.html
The economic modelling work we have carried out over the past few years has been referred to and cited a number of times in the discussions of the Finch Report and subsequent policy developments in the UK. We are concerned that there may be some misinterpretation of this work. This short paper sets out the main conclusions of our work, which was designed to explore the overall costs and benefits of Open Access (OA), as well as identify the most cost-effective policy basis for transitioning to OA at national and institutional levels. The main findings are that disseminating research results via OA would be more cost-effective than subscription publishing. If OA were adopted worldwide, the net benefits of Gold OA would exceed those of Green OA. However, we are not yet anywhere near having reached an OA world. At the institutional level, during a transitional period when subscriptions are maintained, the cost of unilaterally adopting Green OA is much lower than the cost of unilaterally adopting Gold OA — with Green OA self-archiving costing average institutions sampled around one-fifth the amount that Gold OA might cost, and as little as one-tenth as much for the most research intensive university. Hence, we conclude that the most affordable and cost-effective means of moving towards OA is through Green OA, which can be adopted unilaterally at the funder, institutional, sectoral and national levels at relatively little cost.
Hubbard, C., P. S. Tamber, et al. "The implications of open access publishing for the medical community." Evidence-Based Healthcare and Public health vol. 9, n. 6 (2005). pp. 371-373. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MFB-4HG6CDG-2/2/283374263bbbb1fc15b73291f54d1232
Open access publishing could create a freely accessible information resource with benefits for all aspects of the delivery of healthcare, from where to channel resources for research to engaging a wide range of stakeholders in health policy debates. However, how much this potential can be realised will vary between communities, depending on how much the publishing model is embraced. The main challenge to open access is the transition of funding from subscription-based publishing to this new publishing model.
Kousha, K. and M. Thelwall "Google Scholar citations and Google Web/URL citations: A multi-discipline exploratory analysis." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology vol. 58, n. 7 (2007). pp.: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.20584
We use a new data gathering method, ?Web/URL citation,? Web/URL and Google Scholar to compare traditional and Web-based citation patterns across multiple disciplines (biology, chemistry, physics, computing, sociology, economics, psychology, and education) based upon a sample of 1,650 articles from 108 open access (OA) journals published in 2001. A Web/URL citation of an online journal article is a Web mention of its title, URL, or both. For each discipline, except psychology, we found significant correlations between Thomson Scientific (formerly Thomson ISI, here: ISI) citations and both Google Scholar and Google Web/URL citations. Google Scholar citations correlated more highly with ISI citations than did Google Web/URL citations, indicating that the Web/URL method measures a broader type of citation phenomenon. Google Scholar citations were more numerous than ISI citations in computer science and the four social science disciplines, suggesting that Google Scholar is more comprehensive for social sciences and perhaps also when conference articles are valued and published online. We also found large disciplinary differences in the percentage overlap between ISI and Google Scholar citation sources. Finally, although we found many significant trends, there were also numerous exceptions, suggesting that replacing traditional citation sources with the Web or Google Scholar for research impact calculations would be problematic.
Kousha, K. and M. Thelwall "The Web impact of open access social science research." Library & Information Science Research vol. 29, n. 4 (2007). pp. 495-507.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W5R-4PX16VS-1/2/6c778fe766bc07c98ef39dbdd8f2b450
For a long time, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) journal citations have been widely used for research performance monitoring of the sciences. For the social sciences, however, the Social Sciences Citation Index® (SSCI®) can sometimes be insufficient. Broader types of publications (e.g., books and non-ISI journals) and informal scholarly indicators may also be needed. This article investigates whether the Web can help to fill this gap. The authors analyzed 1530 citations from Google™ to 492 research articles from 44 open access social science journals. The articles were published in 2001 in the fields of education, psychology, sociology, and economics. About 19% of the Web citations represented formal impact equivalent to journal citations, and 11% were more informal indicators of impact. The average was about 3 formal and 2 informal impact citations per article. Although the proportions of formal and informal online impact were similar in sociology, psychology, and education, economics showed six times more formal impact than informal impact. The results suggest that new types of citation information and informal scholarly indictors could be extracted from the Web for the social sciences. Since these form only a small proportion of the Web citations, however, Web citation counts should first be processed to remove irrelevant citations. This can be a time-consuming process unless automated.
Kumar, B. T. S. and K. S. M. Kumar "Persistence and half-life of URL citations cited in LIS open access journals." Aslib Proceedings vol. 64, n. 4 (2012). pp. 405-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00012531211244752
Purpose – The main purpose of the present study is to examine the availability and persistence of URL citations in two LIS open access journals. It also intended to calculate the half-life period of URL citations cited in journal articles. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 2,890 URL citations cited in 689 research articles published in LIS journals spanning a period of 14 years (1996-2009) were extracted. In order to check the accessibility of URL citations, W3C link checker was used. After the initial check, inactive URL citations were listed. Domains and HTTP errors associated with inactive URL citations were identified for further analysis. The half-life period was calculated using the formula t(h)=[t?ln(0.5)]/[ln?W(t)-ln?W(0)]. Findings – The research findings indicated that 57.61 percent (397 of 689) of articles have URL citations and percentage of URL citations increased from 5.98 percent in 1996 to 27.79 percent in 2009. It was found that 26.08 percent of all citations were not accessible during the time of testing and the majority of errors were due to HTTP 404 error code (not found). The domains.net and.gov were more stable compared to the domains.com/.co,.org, and.edu. The half-life was computed to be approximately 11.5 years, which compares favorably against earlier research works. Originality/value – This is a comprehensive study on the availability and persistence of URL citations cited in LIS journals articles spanning a period of 14 years. The findings of the study will be helpful to authors, publishers and editorial staff to improve existing URL citation conventions and to promote URL use to ensure that URL citations are accessible in future.
Kurtz, M. and T. Brody "The impact loss to authors and research." Open Access: Key Strategic, Technical and Economic Aspects vol., n. 5 (2006). pp.: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/40867/02/chapter5distro.pdf
The history of scientific communication is one of increasing access. The Gutenberg press allowed rapid and relatively inexpensive reproduction of the printed word. The advent of postal services allowed for the distribution of papers across countries and around the world by airmail. Peer-reviewed journals created consistent collections of quality-controlled papers, distributed to a wider audience of subscribers. And, as the volume of journals increased, research libraries created collections of journals, catalogued, and made them accessible to patrons from the shelves. The web – and open access, OA – will allow anyone with an internet connection to access all the peer-reviewed literature anywhere, anytime.Increased accessibility of the peer-reviewed literature should allow that literature to have a greater impact on future research, which will improve the quality of that research. Those who invest in and benefit from primary research, including the general public, have an interest in improvements to the quality of that research. The authors of the peer-reviewed literature also have an interest in increasing its impact, since that impact, as traditionally measured using citation counts, is a major element in the way their work is evaluated. Without debating the merits of evaluation by citation counting, this does provide a measurable (potential) benefit for authors that provide OA to their research papers. If OA increases citation impact – due to a greater number of scientists being able to access the paper – that presents a strong self-interest argument to encourage authors to go OA. It also hints at the extent to which restrictive access policies negatively affect research and its potential impact on future work.
MacCallum, C. J. and H. Parthasarath "Open Access Increases Citation Rate." PLoS Biology vol. 4, n. 5 (2006). pp.:
http://biology.plosjournals.org/archive/1545-7885/4/5/pdf/10.1371_journal.pbio.0040176-L.pdf
PLoS Biology has published a research article that investigates a bibliometric rather than a biological question: do open-access articles have a citation advantage?
Melero, R., E. Abadal, et al. "Situación de los repositorios institucionales en España: informe 2009." Grupo de investigación Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia vol., n. (2009). pp.: http://www.accesoabierto.net/sites/default/files/Informe2009-Repositorios_0.pdf
Situación de los repositorios institucionales en España: informe 2009. Grupo de investigación Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia. Este informe forma parte de la documentación generada por el proyecto: “El acceso abierto a la producción científica (open access) en España: análisis de la situación actual y presentación de políticas y estrategias para promover su desarrollo” Financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Proyectos coordinados CSO2008-05525-C02-01/SOCI y CSO2008-05525-C02-02/SOCI
Mohammad Hanief, B. "Interoperability of open access repositories in computer science and IT : an evaluation." Library Hi Tech vol. 28, n. 1 (2010). pp. 107-118. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/07378831011026724
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the interoperability of ten open access repositories in the field of computer science and IT. Design/methodology/approach – The repositories are identified from the OpenDOAR directory of OA repositories. Five documents from each repository are searched in ten search engines/data discovery tools (OAIster, Scirus, Google, MSN, Yahoo, All the Web, Ask, Altavista, AOL and Gigablast) for determining the visibility of repositories. The documents from each repository are selected randomly using the function sample (?) of R software. Findings – None of the repositories in the study are fully interoperable (the visibility of repositories in search engines/data discovery tools range from 4 per cent to 92 per cent). OAI-PMH compliance enhances the visibility of the repositories considerably. Google and MSN retrieved the highest number of documents from the repositories and Gigablast the least. Originality/value – The paper will encourage the repository administrators to improve the visibility of their repositories keeping in view the indexing policies of various search engines to ensure maximum research impact
Mukherjee, B. "Evaluating E-Contents Beyond Impact Factor - A Pilot Study Selected Open Access Journals In Library And Information Science." Journal of Electronic Publishing vol. 10, n. 2 (2007). pp. 5. http://www.journalofelectronicpublishing.org/browse.html
Scholarly communication through Open Access (OA) journals has become a global phenomenon. This article reports on a study that measures the value of OA journals based on citation counts (ISI's Journal Impact Factor). It compares three highly ranked commercial electronic journals to five OA electronic journals. The non-OA journals are MIS Quarterly, Journal of American Medication Informatics Association, and Annual Review of Information Science and Technology; the five OA journals are Ariadne, D-Lib Magazine, First Monday, Information Research, and Information Technology and Disabilities. The criteria are established by ten major databases: Thompson's ISI, American Psychological Association's PsycInfo, Latin American and Canadian Health Science's LILCS, National Medical Library's MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library's SciELO, The IOWA Guide, CSA's LISA, EBSCO's LISTA, H.W. Wilson's Library Literature and Information Science, and R.R. Bowker's Ulrich International Periodical Directory. These basic criteria are categorized under 11 broad issues: availability, authority and review policy, scope and coverage, exhaustiveness of articles, page format, availability of hyperlinks, currency, updating policy, search facility, and other miscellaneous issues. Ten years' growth of Library and Information Science (LIS) OA journals has been measured by counting articles manually. During the last ten years the highest number of articles was published by First Monday, followed by D-Lib Magazine and Ariadne; the average number of articles per issue reported in Ariadne ranks first.
Mukherjee, B. "The hyperlinking pattern of open-access journals in library and information science: A cited citing reference study." Library & Information Science Research vol. 31, n. 2 (2009). pp. 113-125. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W5R-4VJ4FKN-1/2/55f458ee0c420ad87e67453541a4ba8d
Using 17 open-access journals published without interruption between 2000 and 2004 in the field of library and information science, this study compares the pattern of cited/citing hyperlinked references of Web-based scholarly electronic articles under various citation ranges in terms of language, file format, source and top-level domain. While the patterns of cited references were manually examined by counting the live hyperlinked-cited references, the patterns of citing references were examined by using the cited by tag in Google Scholar. The analysis indicates that although language, top-level domain, and file format of citations did not differ significantly for articles under different citation ranges, sources of citation differed significantly for articles in different citation ranges. Articles with fewer citations mostly cite less-scholarly sources such as Web pages, whereas articles with a higher number of citations mostly cite scholarly sources such as journal articles, etc. The findings suggest that 8 out of 17 OA journals in LIS have significant research impact in the scholarly communication process.
Norris, M., C. Oppenheim, et al. "The citation advantage of open-access articles." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology vol. 59, n. 12 (2008). pp. 1963-1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.20898
Four subjects?-?ecology, applied mathematics, sociology, and economics?-?were selected to assess whether there is a citation advantage between journal articles that have an open-access (OA) version on the Internet compared to those articles that are exclusively toll access (TA). Citations were counted using the Web of Science, and the OA status of articles was determined by searching OAIster, OpenDOAR, Google, and Google Scholar. Of a sample of 4,633 articles examined, 2,280 (49%) were OA and had a mean citation count of 9.04 whereas the mean for TA articles was 5.76. There appears to be a clear citation advantage for those articles that are OA as opposed to those that are TA. This advantage, however, varies between disciplines, with sociology having the highest citation advantage, but the lowest number of OA articles, from the sample taken, and ecology having the highest individual citation count for OA articles, but the smallest citation advantage. Tests of correlation or association between OA status and a number of variables were generally found to weak or inconsistent. The cause of this citation advantage has not been determined.
Pardal Refoyo, J. L. "Una publicación de acceso abierto: desarrollo, copyright, visibilidad e impacto." Otorrinolaringológica de Castilla y León, Cantabria y La Rioja vol., n. 3 (2012). pp. 215-232. http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4032816.pdf
Las publicaciones electrónicas con contenido médico en acceso abierto se han incrementado en los últimos años debido a los avances en la ingeniería informática y las telecomunicaciones. Se resumen aspectos de la edición, publicación, visibilidad y medida del impacto y de los derechos de los autores y de los lectores.
Prakasan, E. R., S. Anil, et al. "Minimum impact and immediacy of citations to physics open." Cogprints vol., n. (2005). pp.: http://cogprints.org/4272/
The present work has calculated the minimum Open Archive Impact Factors and Open Archive Immediacy Index for the Physics Classes of arXiv.org as calculated for traditional journals in Journal Citation Reports of the Institute of Scientific Information using Science Citation Index without the citation by the classes itself. The calculated Impact
Prakasan, E. R., S. Anil, et al. "Minimum impact and immediacy of citations to physics open archives of arXiv.org: Science Citation Index based reports." Cogprints vol., n. (2005). pp.: http://cogprints.org/4272/
The present work has calculated the minimum Open Archive Impact Factors and Open Archive Immediacy Index for the Physics Classes of arXiv.org as calculated for traditional journals in Journal Citation Reports of the Institute of Scientific Information using Science Citation Index without the citation by the classes itself. The calculated Impact Factors reveal that High-Energy Physics classes of arXiv.org have made more impact on the scientific community than any other classes. If the period for getting the citations to the open archive classes is considered one year as against two years for journal articles, the rank of the classes is the same. The immediacy of citing the Open Archives is also high for the High-Energy Physics classes. The impact is definitely much higher than what is concluded from the calculated factors because self-citations are not reckoned in the study. Use of web-tools like ?Citebase?, ?Citeseer? etc. may strengthen the above argument.
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Quispe Gerónimo, C. "Validez y fiabilidad de fuentes open access para la investigación bibliotecológica." E-LIS: E-Prints in Library and Information Science vol., n. (2007). pp.: http://eprints.rclis.org/13771/
Estudia el directorio DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) y el repositorio E-LIS (E-Prints for Library and Information Science) para determinar si cumplen o no con criterios de validez y fiabilidad exigidos a los artículos científicos mediante la revisión por pares. Analiza problemas atribuidos a los contenidos open access y expone los cuestionamientos a su fiabilidad. Asimismo, presenta las citaciones recibidas por autores peruanos en E-LIS, así como diversas estadísticas sobre la producción peruana en este repositorio.
Robbio, A. D. and I. Subirats Coll "Berlin5 Open Access: Desde la práctica al impacto. Consecuencias de la diseminación del conocimiento." E-LIS: E-Prints in Library and Information Science vol., n. (2008). pp.: http://www.revistabiblios.com/ojs/index.php/biblios/article/view/21/34
Berlin 5 Open Access: From Practice to Impact: Consequences of Knowledge Dissemination. Report of the conference Reportaje de Quinta Conferencia Internacional sobre Open Access, Berlin5, desarrollada en la Universidad de los Estudios de Padua (Italia) en Septiembre del 2007.
Sánchez García de las Bayonas, S. "Repercusión de la publicación científica electrónica de acceso abierto en los presupuestos y en el acceso a la información científica en las bibliotecas universitarias españolas." Revista Española de Documentación Científica vol. 30, n. 3 (2007). pp.: http://redc.revistas.csic.es/index.php/redc/issue/view/46
Análisis de la repercusión en los presupuestos destinados a la inversión en el acceso a información científica electrónica de los Servicios de Biblioteca de las universidades españolas, así como del acceso de los investigadores a dicha información gracias a la aparición del Movimiento de Acceso Abierto a la literatura científica electrónica. Se muestran comparaciones con el modelo tradicional basado en la suscripción de los recursos de información electrónicos por parte de los Servicios de Biblioteca.Los datos se han extraído de las memorias, páginas web oficiales y Anuarios REBIUN, siendo comparados entre universidades y entre Servicios de Biblioteca. Los resultados muestran como los presupuestos siguen aumentando aunque a un nivel más lento de lo recomendado. No se produce un ahorro en el dinero invertido sino una mayor eficiencia del mismo, así como un aumento de los recursos en abierto disponibles para los usuarios sin que aún existan medios para poder medir o valorar el impacto en ellos.Las publicaciones científicas electrónicas en acceso abierto se muestran como el recurso de información científica con mayor perspectiva de crecimiento y presencia en los Servicios de Biblioteca de las universidades contribuyendo al cambio de paradigma en la comunicación científica. Los Servicios de Biblioteca representan un papel muy importante en este contexto siendo los intermediarios entre los productores y los usuarios finales de los recursos de información en abierto.
Savarese, J. "The Impact of Electronic Publishing." Campus Technology Magazine vol. 1, n. (2006). pp.: http://campustechnology.com/article.asp?id=17723
Electronic forms of sharing and collaboration are gradually changing the landscape through which knowledge flows. Some of these new manifestations look like hot-rodded versions of things we knew in the past (online journals, eBooks); while others (like research repositories, wikis, RSS feeds) are novel variants that may ultimately live or die, but meanwhile are teaching us lessons about how our research community really works.
Shadbolt, N., T. Brody, et al. "The Open Research Web: A Preview of the Optimal and the Inevitable." Cogprints vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://cogprints.org/4841/
The multiple online research impact metrics we are developing will allow the rich new database , the Research Web, to be navigated, analyzed, mined and evaluated in powerful new ways that were not even conceivable in the paper era ? nor even in the online era, until the database and the tools became openly accessible for online use by all: by researchers, research institutions, research funders, teachers, students, and even by the general public that funds the research and for whose benefit it is being conducted: Which research is being used most? By whom? Which research is growing most quickly? In what direction? under whose influence? Which research is showing immediate short-term usefulness, which shows delayed, longer term usefulness, and which has sustained long-lasting impact? Which research and researchers are the most authoritative? Whose research is most using this authoritative research, and whose research is the authoritative research using? Which are the best pointers (?hubs?) to the authoritative research? Is there any way to predict what research will have later citation impact (based on its earlier download impact), so junior researchers can be given resources before their work has had a chance to make itself felt through citations? Can research trends and directions be predicted from the online database? Can text content be used to find and compare related research, for influence, overlap, direction? Can a layman, unfamiliar with the specialized content of a field, be guided to the most relevant and important work? These are just a sample of the new online-age questions that the Open Research Web will begin to answer.
Shunbo, Y. and H. Weina "Scholarly impact measurements of LIS open access journals: based on citations and links." The Electronic Library vol. 29, n. 5 (2011). pp. 682-697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02640471111177107
Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to measure the scholarly impact of LIS (Library and Information Science) open access journals (OA journals), most of which are not indexed by the Web of Science (WoS). In addition, the paper seeks to discuss measurement methods beyond citation analysis. Design/methodology/approach – The study selected 97 LIS OA journals as a sample and measured their scholarly impact on the basis of citations and links. The citation counts in WoS, coverage in LISA, Web links, WIFs and Page Rank of the journals are retrieved and calculated, and correlations between citation counts, links, pages, WIFs, and Page Rank are also analyzed. Findings – The results indicate that LIS OA journals have become a significant component of the scholarly communication system. The Journal of the Medical Library Association enjoys the highest citation counts in WoS. This journal, together with D-Lib Magazine, Information Research, Ariadne, Cybermetrics, and First Monday are the six most important LIS OA journals. With regard to coverage in LISA, Bulletin des Bibliothèques de France (2151) performs best. As a whole, the Page Rank is relatively high, mostly at 6, 7, or 8. The study finds that correlation between citation-based measurements and link-based measurements tends to be significant. Originality/value – This paper uses the web as a global resource to measure the impact of LIS OA journals by analyzing citation, coverage, web links and Page Rank. The focus of this study is the value of the web as a source of impact indices, rather different from the traditional research methods. It contributes to the scholarly impact measurements of OA journals.
Snijder, R. "Do developing countries profit from free books? Discovery and online usage in developed and developing countries compared." Journal of Electronic Publishing vol. 16, n. 1 (2013). pp.: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.3336451.0016.103
For years, Open Access has been seen as a way to remove barriers to research in developing countries. In order to test this, an experiment was conducted to measure whether publishing academic books in Open Access has a positive effect on developing countries. During a period of nine months the usage data of 180 books was recorded. Of those, a set of 43 titles was used as control group with restricted access. The rest was made fully accessible.The data shows the digital divide between developing countries and developed countries: 70 percent of the discovery data and 73 percent of online usage data come from developed countries. Using statistical analysis, the experiment confirms that Open Access publishing enhances discovery and online usage in developing countries. This strengthens the claims of the advocates of Open Access: researchers from the developing countries do benefit from free academic books.
Solomon, D. J., M. Laakso, et al. "A longitudinal comparison of citation rates and growth among open access journals." Journal of Informetrics vol., n. (2013). pp.: http://www.openaccesspublishing.org/apc9/acceptedversion.pdf
The study documents the growth in the number of journals and articles along with the increase in normalized citation rates of open access (OA) journals listed in the Scopus bibliographic database between 1999 and 2010. Longitudinal statistics on growth in journals/articles and citation rates are broken down by funding model, discipline, and whether the journal was launched or had converted to OA. The data were retrieved from the web sites of SCIMago Journal and Country Rank (journal /article counts), JournalM3trics (SNIP2 values), Scopus (journal discipline) and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) (OA and funding status). OA journals/articles have grown much faster than subscription journals but still make up less that 12% of the journals in Scopus. Two-year citation averages for journals funded by article processing charges (APCs) have reached the same level as subscription journals. Citation averages of OA journals funded by other means continue to lag well behind OA journals funded by APCs and subscription journals. We hypothesize this is less an issue of quality than due to the fact that such journals are commonly published in languages other than English and tend to be located outside the four major publishing countries
Tatum, C. and P. Wouters "Bibliometrics and the Culture of Open Access " Altmetrics vol., n. (2011). pp.: http://altmetrics.org/workshop2011/tatum-v0/
The possibility of an Open Access Citation Advantage (OACA) continues to inspire researchers and advocates. The question of a citation advantage has important implications not only for Open Access as an alternative scholarly publishing model, but also for the careers of individual researchers. In both cases, increased citation translates into increased impact. However, in the efforts to improve upon studies of OACA, increased methodological rigor seems at the same time to remove much of the cultural context of openness. As factors of Open Access such as self-selection, collaboration proximity, and publication of draft texts, are found to influence citation, they are often eliminated from subsequent studies. With a conception of Open Access defined so narrowly, many important dimensions are rendered invisible. In an increasingly polarized debate[1], improvements in the validity of data and methods may have come at the expense of gains in understanding. What do the results from these analyses tell us about the complexities of publishing models and about research trajectories of individual researchers?
Tenopir, C. and D. W. King "Electronic Journals and Changes in Scholarly Article Seeking and Reading Patterns." D-Lib Magazine vol. 14, n. 11/12 (2008). pp.: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november08/tenopir/11tenopir.html
A recent article by James Evans in Science (Evans 2008) is being widely discussed in the science and publishing communities. Evans' in-depth research on citations in over 34 million articles and how online availability affects citing patterns, found that the more issues of a journal that are available online, the fewer numbers of articles in that journal are cited. If the journal is available for free online, it is cited even less. Evans attributes this phenomenon to more searching and less browsing (which he feels eliminates marginally relevant articles that may have been found by browsing) and the ability to follow links to see what other authors are citing. He concludes that electronic journals have resulted in a narrowing of scientific citation patterns.
The Open Citation, P. "The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies." The Open Citation Project vol., n. (2007). pp.: http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html
Despite significant growth in the number of research papers available through open access, principally through author self-archiving in institutional archives, it is estimated that only c. 20% of the number of papers published annually are open access. It is up to the authors of papers to change this. Why might open access be of benefit to authors? One universally important factor for all authors is impact, typically measured by the number of times a paper is cited (some older studies have estimated monetary returns to authors from article publication via the role citations play in determining salaries). Recent studies have begun to show that open access increases impact. More studies and more substantial investigations are needed to confirm the effect, although a simple example demonstrates the effect.
Tramullas, J. and P. Garrido Picazo "Software libre para repositorios institucionales: propuestas para un modelo de evaluación de prestaciones." El Profesional de la Información vol. 15, n. 3 (2006). pp.: http://elprofesionaldelainformacion.metapress.com/media/e7vd27d8hm7knm9a3jft/contributions/8/3/9/e/839e1q6y6e1pg yf5.pdf
Los repositorios institucionales se han convertido en la principal forma de publicar, preservar y difundir la información digital de las organizaciones. La mayoría de ellos están soportados por software libre, elegidos tras la evaluación de sus prestaciones. Sin embargo, los análisis que se han realizado han sido comparativos, atendiendo a las funciones que ofrecen, antes que a otros factores. Para superar esta limitación, este trabajo analiza los diferentes modelos publicados de evaluación de software para repositorios institucionales, estudia los enfoques adoptados y propone un modelo orientado a la definición de procesos informativo–documentales, a la comunidad de usuarios, a las características de las colecciones, y al contexto del proyecto en el que se enmarcan
Tsakonas, G. and C. Papatheodorou "Exploring usefulness and usability in the evaluation of open access digital libraries." Information Processing & Management vol. In Press, Corrected Proof, n. (2007). pp. 507. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC8-4PK8G5D-1/2/e14f9e3adc8a787463abdd2f17978ca4
Advances in the publishing world have emerged new models of digital library development. Open access publishing modes are expanding their presence and realize the digital library idea in various means. While user-centered evaluation of digital libraries has drawn considerable attention during the last years, these systems are currently viewed from the publishing, economic and scientometric perspectives. The present study explores the concepts of usefulness and usability in the evaluation of an e-print archive. The results demonstrate that several attributes of usefulness, such as the level and the relevance of information, and usability, such as easiness of use and learnability, as well as functionalities commonly met in these systems, affect user interaction and satisfaction.
Turk, N. "Do open access biomedical journals benefit smaller countries? The Slovenian experience." Health Information & Libraries Journal vol. 28, n. 2 (2011). pp. 143-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2011.00932.x
Scientists from smaller countries have problems gaining visibility for their research. Does open access publishing provide a solution? Slovenia is a small country with around 5000 medical doctors, 1300 dentists and 1000 pharmacists. A search of Slovenia’s Bibliographic database was carried out to identity all biomedical journals and those which are open access. Slovenia has 18 medical open access journals, but none has an impact factor and only 10 are indexed by Slovenian and international bibliographic databases. The visibility and quality of medical papers is poor. The solution might be to reduce the number of journals and encourage Slovenian scientists to publish their best articles in them. JM
Wagner, A. B. "Open Access Citation Advantage: An Annotated Bibliography." Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship vol., n. (2010). pp.: http://www.istl.org/10-winter/article2.html
This annotated bibliography lists studies and review articles that examine whether open access (OA) articles receive more citations than equivalent subscription; i.e., toll access (TA) articles. The bibliography is divided into three sections: Review articles [5 reviews] Studies showing an open access citation advantage (OACA) [39 articles] - Studies showing either no OACA effect or ascribing OACA to factors unrelated to OA publication [7 articles]
Westell, M. "Institutional repositories: proposed indicators of success." Library Hi Tech vol. 24, n. 2 (2006). pp.: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/07378830610669583
This paper proposes indicators for measuring the success of institutional repositories based on their demonstrated integration with other research initiatives and provides a snapshot of the current state of selected institutional repositories in Canada through a review of their web presence and their integration with university library and research pages. Design/methodology/approach – Using the proposed indicators, an examination of the web sites of selected Canadian universities who are participating in the Canadian Association of Research Libraries Institutional Repository project was undertaken. Findings – Institutional repositories are growing in Canada and that the Canadian IR community is on the way to the proposed model future – integration with existing university research practices. Originality/value – Indicators such as those proposed in the paper can provide a basic framework for evaluating IR projects and highlight areas where the library can generate additional support for these worthwhile projects.
Wouters, P. and R. Costas (2012). [e-Book] Users, narcissism and control - tracking the impact of scholarly publications in the 21st century, SURFfoundation. Texto completo: http://www.surffoundation.nl/nl/publicaties/Documents/Users%20narcissism%20and%20control.pdf
From the Executive summary: This report explores the explosion of tracking tools that have accompanied the surge of web based information instruments. The report therefore advises to start a concerted research programme in the dynamics, properties, and potential use of new web based metrics which relates these new measures to the already established indicators of publication impact. Its goal would be to contribute to the development of more useful tools for the scientific and scholarly community. This programme should monitor at least the following tools: F1000, Microsoft Academic Research, Total-Impact, PlosONE altmetrics, and Google Scholar. The programme should moreover develop the following key research themes: concepts of new web metrics and altmetrics; standardisation of tools and data; and the use and normalisation of the new metrics.
Zuber, P. A. "A Study of Institutional Repository Holdings by Academic Discipline." D-Lib Magazine vol. 14, n. 11/12 (2008). pp.: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november08/zuber/11zuber.html
Studies have shown the advantage of open access publication in terms of citation rate and research impact (Antelman, 2004). These studies have quantified citation rates through various methods, including comparing identical articles in both closed (meaning paid) access and open access, and historical averages within disciplines. Although the data suggest a higher citation rate with open access, some disciplines have demonstrated a reluctance to embrace open access. Issues of premature disclosure, plagiarism, fear of upsetting the current system, indifference, long term storage and retrieval, and intellectual property rights are among the most noted (Yiotis, 2005).
We analyzed the effect of providing 'Open Access' (OA; free online access to research articles) on their 'citation impact' (how often they are cited). Using a subset of the ISI CD-ROM database from 1992 - 2003, we compared, within each journal and year, articles to which their authors had (OA) or had not (NOA) provided open access by self-archiving them on the web. The number of OA and NOA articles and their respective citation counts were calculated within biology, business, psychology and sociology journals. The percentage of OA articles varied from 5-20% (mean and median, 12%). The citation counts (OA-NOA/NOA) showed a consistent OA advantage (mean 96%, median 73%) for all four fields and 28 subspecialties tested, varying from 25% to over 250%. An OA impact advantage has already been reported in the physical sciences and engineering (physics, computer science), but there was uncertainty about whether the same thing happens in other disciplines. Our data now show that both the biological and the social sciences show the OA advantage, and are hence likewise losing substantial amounts of potential impact for the 80-95% of their articles that are not yet self-archived. These results confirm that a mandatory self-archiving policy on the part of research institutions and funders would greatly enhance the impact of research results in all disciplines.
Hajjem, C. H. S. and Y. Gingras "(2005) Ten-Year Cross-Disciplinary Comparison of the Growth of Open Access and How it Increases Research Citation Impact. IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin, 28 (4). pp. 39-47." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11688/1/ArticleIEEE.pdf
In 2001, Lawrence found that articles in computer science that were openly accessible (OA) on the Web were cited substantially more than those that were not. We have since replicated this effect in physics. To further test its cross-disciplinary generality, we used 1,307,038 articles published across 12 years (1992-2003) in 10 disciplines (Biology, Psychology, Sociology, Health, Political Science, Economics, Education, Law, Business, Management). We designed a robot that trawls the Web for full-texts using reference metadata (author, title, journal, etc.) and citation data from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) database. A preliminary signal-detection analysis of the robot's accuracy yielded a signal detectability d'=2.45 and bias = 0.52. The overall percentage of OA (relative to total OA + NOA) articles varies from 5%-16% (depending on discipline, year and country) and is slowly climbing annually (correlation r=.76, sample size N=12, probability p < 0.005). Comparing OA and NOA articles in the same journal/year, OA articles have consistently more citations, the advantage varying from 25%-250% by discipline and year. Comparing articles within six citation ranges (0, 1, 2-3, 4-7, 8-15, 16+ citations), the annual percentage of OA articles is growing significantly faster than NOA within every citation range (r > .90, N=12, p < .0005) and the effect is greater with the more highly cited articles (r =.98, N=6, p < .005). Causality cannot be determined from these data, but our prior finding of a similar pattern in physics, where percent OA is much higher (and even approaches 100% in some subfields), makes it unlikely that the OA citation advantage is merely or mostly a self-selection bias (for making only one's better articles OA). Further research will analyze the effect's timing, causal components and relation to other variables, such as, download counts, journal citation averages, article quality, co-citation measures, hub/authority ranks, growth rate, longevity, and other new impact measures generated by the growing OA database.
Haque, A.-u. and P. Ginsparg "Positional effects on citation and readership in arXiv." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology vol. 60, n. 11 (2009). pp. 2203-2218. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/asi.21166
Haque, A.-u. and P. Ginsparg "Last but not least: Additional positional effects on citation and readership in arXiv." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology vol. 61, n. 12 (2010). pp. 2381-2388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.21428
Abstract We continue investigation of the effect of position in announcements of newly received articles, a single day artifact, with citations received over the course of ensuing years. Earlier work focused on the “visibility” effect for positions near the beginnings of announcements, and on the “self-promotion” effect associated with authors intentionally aiming for these positions, with both found correlated to a later enhanced citation rate. Here we consider a “reverse-visibility” effect for positions near the ends of announcements, and on a “procrastination” effect associated with
submissions made within the 20 minute period just before the daily deadline. For two large subcommunities of theoretical high-energy physics, we find a clear “reverse-visibility” effect, in which articles near the ends of the lists receive a boost in both short-term readership and long-term citations, almost comparable in size to the “visibility” effect documented earlier. For one of those subcommunities, we find an additional “procrastination” effect, in which last position articles submitted shortly before the deadline have an even higher citation rate than those that land more accidentally in that position. We consider and eliminate geographic effects as responsible for the above, and speculate on other possible causes, including “oblivious” and “nightowl” effects.
Hardy, R. O. C. B. T. and S. Hitchcock "Open Access Citation Information." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11536/1/OA_Citation_Information_FINAL_Extended_Report.DOC
A primary objective of this research is to identify a framework for universal citation services for open access (OA) materials, an ideal structure for the collection and distribution of citation information and the main requirements of such services. The work led to a recommended proposal that focuses on: • OA contents in IRs rather than on wider OA sources. • Capture and validation of well-structured reference metadata at the point of deposit in the IR. • Presentation of this data to harvesting services for citation indexes. The aim of the proposal is to increase the exposure of open access materials and their references to indexing services, and to motivate new services by reducing setup costs. A combination of distributed and automated tools, with some additional effort by authors, can be used to provide more accurate, more comprehensive (and potentially free) citation indices than currently exist.
Harnad, S. "Enrich Impact Measures Through Open Access Analysis." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10205/1/BMJ.html
The ISI journal-impact factor is merely a tiny dumbed-down portion of the rich emerging spectrum of objective impact indicators; it now needs to be dumbed-up, not dumped
Harnad, S. "Research Access, Impact and Assessment. Times Higher Education Supplement, 1487 . p. 16." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/5950/1/thes1.html
The RAE can help hasten the freeing of access to the research literature by mandating that all UK universities self-archive all their annual refereed research in their own eprint archives. The harvesters (e.g., http://citebase.eprints.org) will provide newer and richer measures of research performance and impact with the help of citation-linking services for open archives (http://opcit.eprints.org is an international collaboration between Southampton, Cornell and the Los Alamos National Laboratory, jointly supported by the NSF in the US and JISC in the UK). Both the citation impact and the usage (download) impact, for the papers and the authors at UK universities and abroad, will be not only accessible but assessable continuously online by anyone who is interested, any time, instead of just in a quadrennial RAE exercise.
Harnad, S. "OA Impact Advantage = EA + (AA) + (QB) + QA + (CA) + UA. (Unpublished)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2005). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12085/1/OAA.html
The OA impact advantage arises from at least the following 6 component factors, three of them (2,3,5) temporary, three of them permanent (1,4,6): 1. EA: EARLY ADVANTAGE, beginning already at the pre-refereeing preprint stage. Research that is reported earlier can begin being used and built upon earlier. The result turns out to be not just that it gets its quota of citations sooner, but that quota actually goes up, permanently. This is probably because earlier uptake has a greater cumulative effect on the research cycle. 2. (AA): ARXIV ADVANTAGE, the special advantage of self-archiving specifically in Arxiv for physicists, because it is a central point of call: OAI-interoperable Institutional Repositories is likely -- for many reasons -- to supersede this, so it will eventually make zero difference which OAI-compliant IR one deposits in, as access will be through OAI cross-archive harvesters, not directly through individual OAI Archives. 3. (QB): QUALITY BIAS, arsing from article/author self-selection; this does not play a causal role in increasing impact: The higher-quality (hence also higher-impact) articles/authors are somewhat more likely to be self-archived/self-archivers in these early (15%) days of self-archiving: this bias will of course vanish as self-archiving approaches 100%). 4. QA: QUALITY ADVANTAGE, allowing the high-quality articles to compete on a level playing field, freed of current handicaps and biasses arising from access affordability differences. A permanent effect. 5. (CA): COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE, for self-archived papers over non-self-archived ones, in early (15%) days; this too will of course disappear once self-archiving nears 100%, but at this moment it is in fact a powerful extra incentive, for the low % self-archiving fields, institutions and individuals. 6. UA: USAGE ADVANTAGE: OA articles are downloaded and read three times as much. This too is a permanent effect. (There is also a sizeable correlation between early download counts and later citation counts.)
Harnad, S. "The Green and Gold Roads to Maximizing Journal Article Access, Usage and Impact. Haworth Press (occasional column), July 1." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11093/1/haworth2.pdf
The 'green' road to maximizing research access is for each author to deposit a supplementary 'Open Access' (OA) copy of their own articles online in their own institutional repository for any would-be user webwide whose institution cannot afford to subscribe to the journal in which that particular article was published. There is a second road to Open Access too, one that has not yet been fully tested, and hence still holds some uncertainties and risks for publishers: the 'golden' road of Open Access (OA) Journal Publishing. Whereas the golden road of OA publishing may prove to be the road of the future for journal publishing, the road to maximizing journal article access, usage and impact right now is the green road of OA self-archiving.
Harnad, S. "Maximizing Research Impact Through Institutional and National Open-Access Self-Archiving Mandates." Cogprints vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://cogprints.org/4787/
No research institution can afford all the journals its researchers may need, so all articles are losing research impact (usage and citations). Articles made ?Open Access,? (OA) by self-archiving them on the web are cited twice as much, but only 15% of articles are being spontaneously self-archived. The only institutions approaching 100% self-archiving are those that mandate it. Surveys show that 95% of authors will comply with a self-archiving mandate; the actual experience of institutions with mandates has confirmed this. What institutions and funders need to mandate is that (1) immediately upon acceptance for publication, (2) the author?s final draft must be (3) deposited into the Institutional Repository. Only the depositing needs to be mandated; set-ting access privileges to the full-text as either OA or Restricted Access (RA) can be left up to the author. For articles published in the 93% of journals that have already endorsed self-archiving, access can be set as OA immediately; for the remaining 7%, authors can email the eprint in response to individual email requests automatically forwarded by the Repository.
Harnad, S. "Maximizing Research Impact Through Institutional and National Open-Access Self-Archiving Mandates. In: CRIS2006. Current Research Information Systems: Open Access Institutional Repositories, 11-13 May 2006, Bergen, Norwa." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12093/2/harnad-crisrev.pdf
No research institution can afford all the journals its researchers may need, so all articles are losing research impact (usage and citations). Articles made “Open Access,” (OA) by self-archiving them on the web are cited twice as much, but only 15% of articles are being spontaneously self-archived. The only institutions approaching 100% self-archiving are those that mandate it. Surveys show that 95% of authors will comply with a self-archiving mandate; the actual experience of institutions with mandates has confirmed this. What institutions and funders need to mandate is that (1) immediately upon acceptance for publication, (2) the author’s final draft must be (3) deposited into the Institutional Repository. Only the depositing needs to be mandated; set-ting access privileges to the full-text as either OA or Restricted Access (RA) can be left up to the author. For articles published in the 93% of journals that have already endorsed self-archiving, access can be set as OA immediately; for the remaining 7%, authors can email the eprint in re-sponse to individual email requests automatically forwarded by the Repository.
Harnad, S. "Online, Continuous, Metrics-Based Research Assessment. (Unpublished)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/12130/1/rae-metric.html
As predicted, and long urged, the UK's wasteful, time-consuming Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) is to be replaced by metrics. RAE outcome is most closely correlated (r = 0.98) with the metric of prior RCUK research funding (this is no doubt in part a 'Matthew Effect'), but research citation impact is another metric highly correlated with the RAE outcome, even though it is not explicitly counted. Now it can be explicitly counted (along with other powerful new performance metrics) and all the rest of the ritualistic time-wasting can be abandoned, without further ceremony. This represents a great boost for institutional self-archiving in Open Access Institutional Repositories, not only because that is the obvious, optimal means of submission to the new metric RAE, but because it is also a powerful means of maximising research impact, i.e., maximising those metrics.
Harnad, S. "Publish or Perish — Self-Archive to Flourish: The Green Route to Open Access. ERCIM News, 64." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/11715/1/harnad-ercim.pdf
The online-age practice of self-archiving has been shown to increase citation impact by a dramatic 50-250%, but so far only 15% of researchers are actually doing it. If a country invests R billion Euros in its research, this translates into the loss of 50% x 85% = 42.5% or close to R/2 billion Euros’ worth of potential citation impact simply for failing to self-archive it all. It is as if someone bought R billion Euros worth of batteries and lost 42.5% of their potential usage simply for failing to refrigerate them all before use. Europe is losing almost 50% of the potential return on its research investment until research funders and institutions mandate that all research findings must be made freely accessible to all would-be users, webwide
Harnad, S. "Open Access to Research: Changing Researcher Behaviour Through University and Funder Mandates." JeDEM vol. 3, n. 1 (2011). pp. 33-41. http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/22401/1/harnad-jedem.pdf
The primary target of the worldwide Open Access initiative is the 2.5 million articles published every year in the planet's 25,000 peer-reviewed research journals across all scholarly and scientific fields. Without exception, every one of these articles is an author give-away, written, not for royalty income, but solely to be used, applied and built upon by other researchers. The optimal and inevitable solution for this give-away research is that it should be made freely accessible to all its would-be users online and not only to those whose institutions can afford subscription access to the journal in which it happens to be published. Yet this optimal and inevitable solution, already fully within the reach of the global research community for at least two decades, has been taking a remarkably long time to be grasped. The problem is not particularly an instance of "eDemocracy" one way or the other; it is an instance of inaction because of widespread misconceptions (reminiscent of Zeno's Paradox). The solution is for the world's research institutions and funders to (I) extend their existing "publish or perish" mandates so as to (II) require their employees and fundees to maximise the usage and impact of the research they are employed and funded to conduct and publish by (III) depositing their final drafts in their Open Access (OA) Institutional Repositories immediately upon acceptance for publication in order to (IV) make their findings freely accessible to all their potential users webwide. OA metrics can then be used to measure and reward research progress and impact; and multiple layers of links, tags, commentary and discussion can be built upon and integrated with the primary research.
Harnad, S. and T. Brody "Prior evidence that downloads predict citations." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.:
http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/10206/1/BMJ1.html
Pernbeger's (2004) finding that download counts (what we call 'usage impact') of British Medical Journal articles predict citation counts ('citation impact') for those articles in subsequent years confirm what Tim Brody's online usage/citation correlator http://citebase.eprints.org/analysis/correlation.php has been demonstrating for several years now across a number of areas in physics and mathematics ( Brody & Harnad 2004, in prep.): There is a significant correlation between downloads today and citations two years later.
Harnad, S., T. Brody, et al. "The Access/Impact Problem and the Green and Gold Roads to Open Access: An Update." Serials Review vol. 30, n. 4 (2004). pp.:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W63-4S0HC0P-1/2/273ce267efe063d9e089fef26cd0bb16
The research access/impact problem arises because journal articles are not accessible to all of their would-be users; hence, they are losing potential research impact. The solution is to make all articles open access (OA, i.e., accessible online, free for all). OA articles have significantly higher citation impact than non-OA articles. There are two roads to OA: the 'golden' road (publish your article in an OA journal) and the 'green' road (publish your article in a non-OA journal but also self-archive it in an OA archive). About 10% of journals are gold, but over 90% are already green (i.e., they have given their authors the green light to self-archive); yet only about 10-20% of articles have been self-archived. To reach 100% OA, self-archiving needs to be mandated by researchers' employers and funders, as they are now increasingly beginning to do.
Harnad, S., T. Brody, et al. "The Access/Impact Problem and the Green and Gold Roads to Open Access." Serials Review vol. 30, n. 4 (2004). pp. 310-314.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W63-4DS8FN9-F/2/8604ea015ea3f8c71f055271f050255a
The research access/impact problem arises because journal articles are not accessible to all of their would-be users; hence, they are losing potential research impact. The solution is to make all articles Open Access (OA; i.e., accessible online, free for all). OA articles have significantly higher citation impact than non-OA articles. There are two roads to OA: the 'golden' road (publish your article in an OA journal) and the 'green' road (publish your article in a non-OA journal but also self-archive it in an OA archive). Only 5% of journals are gold, but over 90% are already green (i.e., they have given their authors the green light to self-archive); yet only about 10-20% of articles have been self-archived. To reach 100% OA, self-archiving needs to be mandated by researchers' employers and funders, as the United Kingdom and the United States have recently recommended, and universities need to implement that mandate.
Harnad, S. and M. Santiago-Delefosse "Maximiser l'impact de la recherche en psychologie au moyen de l'auto-archivage.
L'initiative pour l'accEs libre aux articles scientifiques." Pratiques Psychologiques vol. 10, n. 3 (2004). pp. 273-282. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B75DM-4D98WVF-1/2/0e7f9864ad2a2a2b74c57c26d5a2cf57
The authors discuss the causal link between research access and research impact to demonstrate the benefits of providing Open Access to published research articles through author self-archiving on the Web. The special case of the international visibility of francophone research output in psychology is discussed.
Harnad, S. and E. Hilf "The Access/Impact Problem and the Green and Gold Roads to Open Access. Serials review, 30." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/9939/1/impact.html
The research access/impact problem arises because journal articles are not accessible to all of their would-be users, hence they are losing potential research impact. The solution is to make all articles Open Access (OA, i.e., accessible online, free for all). OA articles have significantly higher citation impact than non-OA articles. There are two roads to OA: the 'golden' road (publish your article in an OA journal) and the 'green' road (publish your article in a non-OA journal but also self-archive it in an OA archive). Only 5% of journals are gold, but over 90% are already green (i.e., they have given their authors the green light to self-archive); yet only about 10-20% of articles have been self-archived. To reach 100% OA, self-archiving needs to be mandated by researchers' employers and funders, as the UK and US have recently recommended, and universities need to implement that mandate.
Herb, U. "OpenAccess Statistics: Alternative Impact Measures for Open Access documents? An examination how to generate interoperable usage information from distributed Open Access services." L'information scientifique et technique dans l'univers numérique. Mesures et usages vol., n. (2010). pp. 165-178. http://eprints.rclis.org/19068/1/preprint.pdf
Publishing and bibliometric indicators are of utmost relevance for scientists and research institutions as the impact or importance of a publication (or even of a scientist or an institution) is mostly regarded to be equivalent to a citation-based indicator, e.g. in form of the Journal Impact Factor or the Hirsch-Index. Both on an individual and an institutional level performance measurement depends strongly on these impact scores. This contribution shows that most common methods to assess the impact of scientific publications often discriminate Open Access publications ? and by that reduce the attractiveness of Open Access for scientists. Assuming that the motivation to use Open Access publishing services (e.g. a journal or a repository) would increase if these services would convey some sort of reputation or impact to the scientists, alternative models of impact are discussed. Prevailing research results indicate that alternative metrics based on usage information of electronic documents are suitable to complement or to relativize citation-based indicators. Furthermore an insight into the project OpenAccess- Statistics OA-S is given. OA-S implemented an infrastructure to collect document-related usage information from distributed Open Access Repositories in an aggregator service in order to generate interoperable document access information according to three standards (COUNTER, LogEc and IFABC). The service also guarantees the deduplication of users and identical documents on different servers. In a second phase it is not only planned to implement added services like recommender.
Hitchcock, S., D. Bergmark, et al. "Open Citation Linking: The Way Forward." D-Lib Magazine vol. 8, n. 10 (2002). pp.:
The speed of scientific communication — the rate of ideas affecting other researchers' ideas — is increasing dramatically. The factor driving this is free, unrestricted access to research papers. Measurements of user activity in mature eprint archives of research papers such as arXiv have shown, for the first time, the degree to which such services support an evolving network of texts commenting on, citing, classifying, abstracting, listing and revising other texts. The Open Citation project has built tools to measure this activity, to build new archives, and has been closely involved with the development of the infrastructure to support open access on which these new services depend. This is the story of the project, intertwined with the concurrent emergence of the Open Archives Initiative (OAI). The paper describes the broad scope of the project's work, showing how it has progressed from early demonstrators of reference linking to produce Citebase, a Web-based citation and impact-ranked search service, and how it has supported the development of the EPrints.org software for building OAI-compliant archives. The work has been underpinned by analysis and experiments on the semantics of documents (digital objects) to determine the features required for formally perfect linking — instantiated as an application programming interface (API) for reference linking — that will enable other applications to build on this work in broader digital library information environments.
Hitchcock, S., L. Carr, et al. "Developing services for open eprint archives: globalisation, integration and the impact of links." Cogprints vol., n. (2000). pp.: http://cogprints.org/1644/
The rapid growth of scholarly information resources available in electronic form and their organisation by
Hitchcock, S. and S. Harnad "Evaluating Citebase, an open access Web-based citation-ranked search and impact discovery service. (Unpublished)." ECS EPrints Repository vol., n. (2004). pp.: http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/8204/1/Evaluating_Citebase_TR.pdf
Citebase is a new citation-ranked search and impact discovery service that measures citations of scholarly research papers which are openly accessible on the Web, i.e. papers that are assessable continuously online. Other services, such as ResearchIndex, have emerged in recent years to offer citation indexing of Web research papers. In the first detailed user evaluation of an open access Web citation indexing service, Citebase has been evaluated by nearly 200 users from different backgrounds. The paper details the procedures used in the evaluation, and analyses the results of this study, which took place between June and October 2002. It was found that within the scope of its primary components, the search interface and services available from its rich bibliographic records, Citebase can be used simply and reliably for the purpose intended, and that it compares favourably with other bibliographic services. It is shown tasks can be accomplished efficiently with Citebase regardless of the background of the user. More data need to be collected and the process refined before it is as reliable for measuring citation impact of indexed papers. Better explanations and guidance are required for first-time users. Coverage is seen as a limiting factor, even though Citebase indexes over 200,000 papers from arXiv. Non-physicists were frustrated at the lack of papers from other sciences. The principle of citation searching of open access archives has thus been demonstrated and need not be restricted to current users. Since the evaluation, Citebase has become a featured service of the ArXiv physics eprint archives.
Houghton, J. W. and A. Swan "Planting the Green Seeds for a Golden Harvest: Comments and Clarifications on "Going for Gold"." D-Lib Magazine vol. 19, n. 1 (2013). pp.:
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january13/houghton/01houghton.html
The economic modelling work we have carried out over the past few years has been referred to and cited a number of times in the discussions of the Finch Report and subsequent policy developments in the UK. We are concerned that there may be some misinterpretation of this work. This short paper sets out the main conclusions of our work, which was designed to explore the overall costs and benefits of Open Access (OA), as well as identify the most cost-effective policy basis for transitioning to OA at national and institutional levels. The main findings are that disseminating research results via OA would be more cost-effective than subscription publishing. If OA were adopted worldwide, the net benefits of Gold OA would exceed those of Green OA. However, we are not yet anywhere near having reached an OA world. At the institutional level, during a transitional period when subscriptions are maintained, the cost of unilaterally adopting Green OA is much lower than the cost of unilaterally adopting Gold OA — with Green OA self-archiving costing average institutions sampled around one-fifth the amount that Gold OA might cost, and as little as one-tenth as much for the most research intensive university. Hence, we conclude that the most affordable and cost-effective means of moving towards OA is through Green OA, which can be adopted unilaterally at the funder, institutional, sectoral and national levels at relatively little cost.
Hubbard, C., P. S. Tamber, et al. "The implications of open access publishing for the medical community." Evidence-Based Healthcare and Public health vol. 9, n. 6 (2005). pp. 371-373. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MFB-4HG6CDG-2/2/283374263bbbb1fc15b73291f54d1232
Open access publishing could create a freely accessible information resource with benefits for all aspects of the delivery of healthcare, from where to channel resources for research to engaging a wide range of stakeholders in health policy debates. However, how much this potential can be realised will vary between communities, depending on how much the publishing model is embraced. The main challenge to open access is the transition of funding from subscription-based publishing to this new publishing model.
Kousha, K. and M. Thelwall "Google Scholar citations and Google Web/URL citations: A multi-discipline exploratory analysis." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology vol. 58, n. 7 (2007). pp.: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.20584
We use a new data gathering method, ?Web/URL citation,? Web/URL and Google Scholar to compare traditional and Web-based citation patterns across multiple disciplines (biology, chemistry, physics, computing, sociology, economics, psychology, and education) based upon a sample of 1,650 articles from 108 open access (OA) journals published in 2001. A Web/URL citation of an online journal article is a Web mention of its title, URL, or both. For each discipline, except psychology, we found significant correlations between Thomson Scientific (formerly Thomson ISI, here: ISI) citations and both Google Scholar and Google Web/URL citations. Google Scholar citations correlated more highly with ISI citations than did Google Web/URL citations, indicating that the Web/URL method measures a broader type of citation phenomenon. Google Scholar citations were more numerous than ISI citations in computer science and the four social science disciplines, suggesting that Google Scholar is more comprehensive for social sciences and perhaps also when conference articles are valued and published online. We also found large disciplinary differences in the percentage overlap between ISI and Google Scholar citation sources. Finally, although we found many significant trends, there were also numerous exceptions, suggesting that replacing traditional citation sources with the Web or Google Scholar for research impact calculations would be problematic.
Kousha, K. and M. Thelwall "The Web impact of open access social science research." Library & Information Science Research vol. 29, n. 4 (2007). pp. 495-507.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W5R-4PX16VS-1/2/6c778fe766bc07c98ef39dbdd8f2b450
For a long time, Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) journal citations have been widely used for research performance monitoring of the sciences. For the social sciences, however, the Social Sciences Citation Index® (SSCI®) can sometimes be insufficient. Broader types of publications (e.g., books and non-ISI journals) and informal scholarly indicators may also be needed. This article investigates whether the Web can help to fill this gap. The authors analyzed 1530 citations from Google™ to 492 research articles from 44 open access social science journals. The articles were published in 2001 in the fields of education, psychology, sociology, and economics. About 19% of the Web citations represented formal impact equivalent to journal citations, and 11% were more informal indicators of impact. The average was about 3 formal and 2 informal impact citations per article. Although the proportions of formal and informal online impact were similar in sociology, psychology, and education, economics showed six times more formal impact than informal impact. The results suggest that new types of citation information and informal scholarly indictors could be extracted from the Web for the social sciences. Since these form only a small proportion of the Web citations, however, Web citation counts should first be processed to remove irrelevant citations. This can be a time-consuming process unless automated.
Kumar, B. T. S. and K. S. M. Kumar "Persistence and half-life of URL citations cited in LIS open access journals." Aslib Proceedings vol. 64, n. 4 (2012). pp. 405-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00012531211244752
Purpose – The main purpose of the present study is to examine the availability and persistence of URL citations in two LIS open access journals. It also intended to calculate the half-life period of URL citations cited in journal articles. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 2,890 URL citations cited in 689 research articles published in LIS journals spanning a period of 14 years (1996-2009) were extracted. In order to check the accessibility of URL citations, W3C link checker was used. After the initial check, inactive URL citations were listed. Domains and HTTP errors associated with inactive URL citations were identified for further analysis. The half-life period was calculated using the formula t(h)=[t?ln(0.5)]/[ln?W(t)-ln?W(0)]. Findings – The research findings indicated that 57.61 percent (397 of 689) of articles have URL citations and percentage of URL citations increased from 5.98 percent in 1996 to 27.79 percent in 2009. It was found that 26.08 percent of all citations were not accessible during the time of testing and the majority of errors were due to HTTP 404 error code (not found). The domains.net and.gov were more stable compared to the domains.com/.co,.org, and.edu. The half-life was computed to be approximately 11.5 years, which compares favorably against earlier research works. Originality/value – This is a comprehensive study on the availability and persistence of URL citations cited in LIS journals articles spanning a period of 14 years. The findings of the study will be helpful to authors, publishers and editorial staff to improve existing URL citation conventions and to promote URL use to ensure that URL citations are accessible in future.
Kurtz, M. and T. Brody "The impact loss to authors and research." Open Access: Key Strategic, Technical and Economic Aspects vol., n. 5 (2006). pp.: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/40867/02/chapter5distro.pdf
The history of scientific communication is one of increasing access. The Gutenberg press allowed rapid and relatively inexpensive reproduction of the printed word. The advent of postal services allowed for the distribution of papers across countries and around the world by airmail. Peer-reviewed journals created consistent collections of quality-controlled papers, distributed to a wider audience of subscribers. And, as the volume of journals increased, research libraries created collections of journals, catalogued, and made them accessible to patrons from the shelves. The web – and open access, OA – will allow anyone with an internet connection to access all the peer-reviewed literature anywhere, anytime.Increased accessibility of the peer-reviewed literature should allow that literature to have a greater impact on future research, which will improve the quality of that research. Those who invest in and benefit from primary research, including the general public, have an interest in improvements to the quality of that research. The authors of the peer-reviewed literature also have an interest in increasing its impact, since that impact, as traditionally measured using citation counts, is a major element in the way their work is evaluated. Without debating the merits of evaluation by citation counting, this does provide a measurable (potential) benefit for authors that provide OA to their research papers. If OA increases citation impact – due to a greater number of scientists being able to access the paper – that presents a strong self-interest argument to encourage authors to go OA. It also hints at the extent to which restrictive access policies negatively affect research and its potential impact on future work.
MacCallum, C. J. and H. Parthasarath "Open Access Increases Citation Rate." PLoS Biology vol. 4, n. 5 (2006). pp.:
http://biology.plosjournals.org/archive/1545-7885/4/5/pdf/10.1371_journal.pbio.0040176-L.pdf
PLoS Biology has published a research article that investigates a bibliometric rather than a biological question: do open-access articles have a citation advantage?
Melero, R., E. Abadal, et al. "Situación de los repositorios institucionales en España: informe 2009." Grupo de investigación Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia vol., n. (2009). pp.: http://www.accesoabierto.net/sites/default/files/Informe2009-Repositorios_0.pdf
Situación de los repositorios institucionales en España: informe 2009. Grupo de investigación Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia. Este informe forma parte de la documentación generada por el proyecto: “El acceso abierto a la producción científica (open access) en España: análisis de la situación actual y presentación de políticas y estrategias para promover su desarrollo” Financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación. Proyectos coordinados CSO2008-05525-C02-01/SOCI y CSO2008-05525-C02-02/SOCI
Mohammad Hanief, B. "Interoperability of open access repositories in computer science and IT : an evaluation." Library Hi Tech vol. 28, n. 1 (2010). pp. 107-118. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/07378831011026724
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the interoperability of ten open access repositories in the field of computer science and IT. Design/methodology/approach – The repositories are identified from the OpenDOAR directory of OA repositories. Five documents from each repository are searched in ten search engines/data discovery tools (OAIster, Scirus, Google, MSN, Yahoo, All the Web, Ask, Altavista, AOL and Gigablast) for determining the visibility of repositories. The documents from each repository are selected randomly using the function sample (?) of R software. Findings – None of the repositories in the study are fully interoperable (the visibility of repositories in search engines/data discovery tools range from 4 per cent to 92 per cent). OAI-PMH compliance enhances the visibility of the repositories considerably. Google and MSN retrieved the highest number of documents from the repositories and Gigablast the least. Originality/value – The paper will encourage the repository administrators to improve the visibility of their repositories keeping in view the indexing policies of various search engines to ensure maximum research impact
Mukherjee, B. "Evaluating E-Contents Beyond Impact Factor - A Pilot Study Selected Open Access Journals In Library And Information Science." Journal of Electronic Publishing vol. 10, n. 2 (2007). pp. 5. http://www.journalofelectronicpublishing.org/browse.html
Scholarly communication through Open Access (OA) journals has become a global phenomenon. This article reports on a study that measures the value of OA journals based on citation counts (ISI's Journal Impact Factor). It compares three highly ranked commercial electronic journals to five OA electronic journals. The non-OA journals are MIS Quarterly, Journal of American Medication Informatics Association, and Annual Review of Information Science and Technology; the five OA journals are Ariadne, D-Lib Magazine, First Monday, Information Research, and Information Technology and Disabilities. The criteria are established by ten major databases: Thompson's ISI, American Psychological Association's PsycInfo, Latin American and Canadian Health Science's LILCS, National Medical Library's MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library's SciELO, The IOWA Guide, CSA's LISA, EBSCO's LISTA, H.W. Wilson's Library Literature and Information Science, and R.R. Bowker's Ulrich International Periodical Directory. These basic criteria are categorized under 11 broad issues: availability, authority and review policy, scope and coverage, exhaustiveness of articles, page format, availability of hyperlinks, currency, updating policy, search facility, and other miscellaneous issues. Ten years' growth of Library and Information Science (LIS) OA journals has been measured by counting articles manually. During the last ten years the highest number of articles was published by First Monday, followed by D-Lib Magazine and Ariadne; the average number of articles per issue reported in Ariadne ranks first.
Mukherjee, B. "The hyperlinking pattern of open-access journals in library and information science: A cited citing reference study." Library & Information Science Research vol. 31, n. 2 (2009). pp. 113-125. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6W5R-4VJ4FKN-1/2/55f458ee0c420ad87e67453541a4ba8d
Using 17 open-access journals published without interruption between 2000 and 2004 in the field of library and information science, this study compares the pattern of cited/citing hyperlinked references of Web-based scholarly electronic articles under various citation ranges in terms of language, file format, source and top-level domain. While the patterns of cited references were manually examined by counting the live hyperlinked-cited references, the patterns of citing references were examined by using the cited by tag in Google Scholar. The analysis indicates that although language, top-level domain, and file format of citations did not differ significantly for articles under different citation ranges, sources of citation differed significantly for articles in different citation ranges. Articles with fewer citations mostly cite less-scholarly sources such as Web pages, whereas articles with a higher number of citations mostly cite scholarly sources such as journal articles, etc. The findings suggest that 8 out of 17 OA journals in LIS have significant research impact in the scholarly communication process.
Norris, M., C. Oppenheim, et al. "The citation advantage of open-access articles." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology vol. 59, n. 12 (2008). pp. 1963-1972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.20898
Four subjects?-?ecology, applied mathematics, sociology, and economics?-?were selected to assess whether there is a citation advantage between journal articles that have an open-access (OA) version on the Internet compared to those articles that are exclusively toll access (TA). Citations were counted using the Web of Science, and the OA status of articles was determined by searching OAIster, OpenDOAR, Google, and Google Scholar. Of a sample of 4,633 articles examined, 2,280 (49%) were OA and had a mean citation count of 9.04 whereas the mean for TA articles was 5.76. There appears to be a clear citation advantage for those articles that are OA as opposed to those that are TA. This advantage, however, varies between disciplines, with sociology having the highest citation advantage, but the lowest number of OA articles, from the sample taken, and ecology having the highest individual citation count for OA articles, but the smallest citation advantage. Tests of correlation or association between OA status and a number of variables were generally found to weak or inconsistent. The cause of this citation advantage has not been determined.
Pardal Refoyo, J. L. "Una publicación de acceso abierto: desarrollo, copyright, visibilidad e impacto." Otorrinolaringológica de Castilla y León, Cantabria y La Rioja vol., n. 3 (2012). pp. 215-232. http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4032816.pdf
Las publicaciones electrónicas con contenido médico en acceso abierto se han incrementado en los últimos años debido a los avances en la ingeniería informática y las telecomunicaciones. Se resumen aspectos de la edición, publicación, visibilidad y medida del impacto y de los derechos de los autores y de los lectores.
Prakasan, E. R., S. Anil, et al. "Minimum impact and immediacy of citations to physics open." Cogprints vol., n. (2005). pp.: http://cogprints.org/4272/
The present work has calculated the minimum Open Archive Impact Factors and Open Archive Immediacy Index for the Physics Classes of arXiv.org as calculated for traditional journals in Journal Citation Reports of the Institute of Scientific Information using Science Citation Index without the citation by the classes itself. The calculated Impact
Prakasan, E. R., S. Anil, et al. "Minimum impact and immediacy of citations to physics open archives of arXiv.org: Science Citation Index based reports." Cogprints vol., n. (2005). pp.: http://cogprints.org/4272/
The present work has calculated the minimum Open Archive Impact Factors and Open Archive Immediacy Index for the Physics Classes of arXiv.org as calculated for traditional journals in Journal Citation Reports of the Institute of Scientific Information using Science Citation Index without the citation by the classes itself. The calculated Impact Factors reveal that High-Energy Physics classes of arXiv.org have made more impact on the scientific community than any other classes. If the period for getting the citations to the open archive classes is considered one year as against two years for journal articles, the rank of the classes is the same. The immediacy of citing the Open Archives is also high for the High-Energy Physics classes. The impact is definitely much higher than what is concluded from the calculated factors because self-citations are not reckoned in the study. Use of web-tools like ?Citebase?, ?Citeseer? etc. may strengthen the above argument.
Estudia el directorio DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) y el repositorio E-LIS (E-Prints for Library and Information Science) para determinar si cumplen o no con criterios de validez y fiabilidad exigidos a los artículos científicos mediante la revisión por pares. Analiza problemas atribuidos a los contenidos open access y expone los cuestionamientos a su fiabilidad. Asimismo, presenta las citaciones recibidas por autores peruanos en E-LIS, así como diversas estadísticas sobre la producción peruana en este repositorio.
Robbio, A. D. and I. Subirats Coll "Berlin5 Open Access: Desde la práctica al impacto. Consecuencias de la diseminación del conocimiento." E-LIS: E-Prints in Library and Information Science vol., n. (2008). pp.: http://www.revistabiblios.com/ojs/index.php/biblios/article/view/21/34
Berlin 5 Open Access: From Practice to Impact: Consequences of Knowledge Dissemination. Report of the conference Reportaje de Quinta Conferencia Internacional sobre Open Access, Berlin5, desarrollada en la Universidad de los Estudios de Padua (Italia) en Septiembre del 2007.
Sánchez García de las Bayonas, S. "Repercusión de la publicación científica electrónica de acceso abierto en los presupuestos y en el acceso a la información científica en las bibliotecas universitarias españolas." Revista Española de Documentación Científica vol. 30, n. 3 (2007). pp.: http://redc.revistas.csic.es/index.php/redc/issue/view/46
Análisis de la repercusión en los presupuestos destinados a la inversión en el acceso a información científica electrónica de los Servicios de Biblioteca de las universidades españolas, así como del acceso de los investigadores a dicha información gracias a la aparición del Movimiento de Acceso Abierto a la literatura científica electrónica. Se muestran comparaciones con el modelo tradicional basado en la suscripción de los recursos de información electrónicos por parte de los Servicios de Biblioteca.Los datos se han extraído de las memorias, páginas web oficiales y Anuarios REBIUN, siendo comparados entre universidades y entre Servicios de Biblioteca. Los resultados muestran como los presupuestos siguen aumentando aunque a un nivel más lento de lo recomendado. No se produce un ahorro en el dinero invertido sino una mayor eficiencia del mismo, así como un aumento de los recursos en abierto disponibles para los usuarios sin que aún existan medios para poder medir o valorar el impacto en ellos.Las publicaciones científicas electrónicas en acceso abierto se muestran como el recurso de información científica con mayor perspectiva de crecimiento y presencia en los Servicios de Biblioteca de las universidades contribuyendo al cambio de paradigma en la comunicación científica. Los Servicios de Biblioteca representan un papel muy importante en este contexto siendo los intermediarios entre los productores y los usuarios finales de los recursos de información en abierto.
Savarese, J. "The Impact of Electronic Publishing." Campus Technology Magazine vol. 1, n. (2006). pp.: http://campustechnology.com/article.asp?id=17723
Electronic forms of sharing and collaboration are gradually changing the landscape through which knowledge flows. Some of these new manifestations look like hot-rodded versions of things we knew in the past (online journals, eBooks); while others (like research repositories, wikis, RSS feeds) are novel variants that may ultimately live or die, but meanwhile are teaching us lessons about how our research community really works.
Shadbolt, N., T. Brody, et al. "The Open Research Web: A Preview of the Optimal and the Inevitable." Cogprints vol., n. (2006). pp.: http://cogprints.org/4841/
The multiple online research impact metrics we are developing will allow the rich new database , the Research Web, to be navigated, analyzed, mined and evaluated in powerful new ways that were not even conceivable in the paper era ? nor even in the online era, until the database and the tools became openly accessible for online use by all: by researchers, research institutions, research funders, teachers, students, and even by the general public that funds the research and for whose benefit it is being conducted: Which research is being used most? By whom? Which research is growing most quickly? In what direction? under whose influence? Which research is showing immediate short-term usefulness, which shows delayed, longer term usefulness, and which has sustained long-lasting impact? Which research and researchers are the most authoritative? Whose research is most using this authoritative research, and whose research is the authoritative research using? Which are the best pointers (?hubs?) to the authoritative research? Is there any way to predict what research will have later citation impact (based on its earlier download impact), so junior researchers can be given resources before their work has had a chance to make itself felt through citations? Can research trends and directions be predicted from the online database? Can text content be used to find and compare related research, for influence, overlap, direction? Can a layman, unfamiliar with the specialized content of a field, be guided to the most relevant and important work? These are just a sample of the new online-age questions that the Open Research Web will begin to answer.
Shunbo, Y. and H. Weina "Scholarly impact measurements of LIS open access journals: based on citations and links." The Electronic Library vol. 29, n. 5 (2011). pp. 682-697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02640471111177107
Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to measure the scholarly impact of LIS (Library and Information Science) open access journals (OA journals), most of which are not indexed by the Web of Science (WoS). In addition, the paper seeks to discuss measurement methods beyond citation analysis. Design/methodology/approach – The study selected 97 LIS OA journals as a sample and measured their scholarly impact on the basis of citations and links. The citation counts in WoS, coverage in LISA, Web links, WIFs and Page Rank of the journals are retrieved and calculated, and correlations between citation counts, links, pages, WIFs, and Page Rank are also analyzed. Findings – The results indicate that LIS OA journals have become a significant component of the scholarly communication system. The Journal of the Medical Library Association enjoys the highest citation counts in WoS. This journal, together with D-Lib Magazine, Information Research, Ariadne, Cybermetrics, and First Monday are the six most important LIS OA journals. With regard to coverage in LISA, Bulletin des Bibliothèques de France (2151) performs best. As a whole, the Page Rank is relatively high, mostly at 6, 7, or 8. The study finds that correlation between citation-based measurements and link-based measurements tends to be significant. Originality/value – This paper uses the web as a global resource to measure the impact of LIS OA journals by analyzing citation, coverage, web links and Page Rank. The focus of this study is the value of the web as a source of impact indices, rather different from the traditional research methods. It contributes to the scholarly impact measurements of OA journals.
Snijder, R. "Do developing countries profit from free books? Discovery and online usage in developed and developing countries compared." Journal of Electronic Publishing vol. 16, n. 1 (2013). pp.: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.3336451.0016.103
For years, Open Access has been seen as a way to remove barriers to research in developing countries. In order to test this, an experiment was conducted to measure whether publishing academic books in Open Access has a positive effect on developing countries. During a period of nine months the usage data of 180 books was recorded. Of those, a set of 43 titles was used as control group with restricted access. The rest was made fully accessible.The data shows the digital divide between developing countries and developed countries: 70 percent of the discovery data and 73 percent of online usage data come from developed countries. Using statistical analysis, the experiment confirms that Open Access publishing enhances discovery and online usage in developing countries. This strengthens the claims of the advocates of Open Access: researchers from the developing countries do benefit from free academic books.
Solomon, D. J., M. Laakso, et al. "A longitudinal comparison of citation rates and growth among open access journals." Journal of Informetrics vol., n. (2013). pp.: http://www.openaccesspublishing.org/apc9/acceptedversion.pdf
The study documents the growth in the number of journals and articles along with the increase in normalized citation rates of open access (OA) journals listed in the Scopus bibliographic database between 1999 and 2010. Longitudinal statistics on growth in journals/articles and citation rates are broken down by funding model, discipline, and whether the journal was launched or had converted to OA. The data were retrieved from the web sites of SCIMago Journal and Country Rank (journal /article counts), JournalM3trics (SNIP2 values), Scopus (journal discipline) and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) (OA and funding status). OA journals/articles have grown much faster than subscription journals but still make up less that 12% of the journals in Scopus. Two-year citation averages for journals funded by article processing charges (APCs) have reached the same level as subscription journals. Citation averages of OA journals funded by other means continue to lag well behind OA journals funded by APCs and subscription journals. We hypothesize this is less an issue of quality than due to the fact that such journals are commonly published in languages other than English and tend to be located outside the four major publishing countries
Tatum, C. and P. Wouters "Bibliometrics and the Culture of Open Access " Altmetrics vol., n. (2011). pp.: http://altmetrics.org/workshop2011/tatum-v0/
The possibility of an Open Access Citation Advantage (OACA) continues to inspire researchers and advocates. The question of a citation advantage has important implications not only for Open Access as an alternative scholarly publishing model, but also for the careers of individual researchers. In both cases, increased citation translates into increased impact. However, in the efforts to improve upon studies of OACA, increased methodological rigor seems at the same time to remove much of the cultural context of openness. As factors of Open Access such as self-selection, collaboration proximity, and publication of draft texts, are found to influence citation, they are often eliminated from subsequent studies. With a conception of Open Access defined so narrowly, many important dimensions are rendered invisible. In an increasingly polarized debate[1], improvements in the validity of data and methods may have come at the expense of gains in understanding. What do the results from these analyses tell us about the complexities of publishing models and about research trajectories of individual researchers?
Tenopir, C. and D. W. King "Electronic Journals and Changes in Scholarly Article Seeking and Reading Patterns." D-Lib Magazine vol. 14, n. 11/12 (2008). pp.: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november08/tenopir/11tenopir.html
A recent article by James Evans in Science (Evans 2008) is being widely discussed in the science and publishing communities. Evans' in-depth research on citations in over 34 million articles and how online availability affects citing patterns, found that the more issues of a journal that are available online, the fewer numbers of articles in that journal are cited. If the journal is available for free online, it is cited even less. Evans attributes this phenomenon to more searching and less browsing (which he feels eliminates marginally relevant articles that may have been found by browsing) and the ability to follow links to see what other authors are citing. He concludes that electronic journals have resulted in a narrowing of scientific citation patterns.
The Open Citation, P. "The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies." The Open Citation Project vol., n. (2007). pp.: http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html
Despite significant growth in the number of research papers available through open access, principally through author self-archiving in institutional archives, it is estimated that only c. 20% of the number of papers published annually are open access. It is up to the authors of papers to change this. Why might open access be of benefit to authors? One universally important factor for all authors is impact, typically measured by the number of times a paper is cited (some older studies have estimated monetary returns to authors from article publication via the role citations play in determining salaries). Recent studies have begun to show that open access increases impact. More studies and more substantial investigations are needed to confirm the effect, although a simple example demonstrates the effect.
Tramullas, J. and P. Garrido Picazo "Software libre para repositorios institucionales: propuestas para un modelo de evaluación de prestaciones." El Profesional de la Información vol. 15, n. 3 (2006). pp.: http://elprofesionaldelainformacion.metapress.com/media/e7vd27d8hm7knm9a3jft/contributions/8/3/9/e/839e1q6y6e1pg yf5.pdf
Los repositorios institucionales se han convertido en la principal forma de publicar, preservar y difundir la información digital de las organizaciones. La mayoría de ellos están soportados por software libre, elegidos tras la evaluación de sus prestaciones. Sin embargo, los análisis que se han realizado han sido comparativos, atendiendo a las funciones que ofrecen, antes que a otros factores. Para superar esta limitación, este trabajo analiza los diferentes modelos publicados de evaluación de software para repositorios institucionales, estudia los enfoques adoptados y propone un modelo orientado a la definición de procesos informativo–documentales, a la comunidad de usuarios, a las características de las colecciones, y al contexto del proyecto en el que se enmarcan
Tsakonas, G. and C. Papatheodorou "Exploring usefulness and usability in the evaluation of open access digital libraries." Information Processing & Management vol. In Press, Corrected Proof, n. (2007). pp. 507. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VC8-4PK8G5D-1/2/e14f9e3adc8a787463abdd2f17978ca4
Advances in the publishing world have emerged new models of digital library development. Open access publishing modes are expanding their presence and realize the digital library idea in various means. While user-centered evaluation of digital libraries has drawn considerable attention during the last years, these systems are currently viewed from the publishing, economic and scientometric perspectives. The present study explores the concepts of usefulness and usability in the evaluation of an e-print archive. The results demonstrate that several attributes of usefulness, such as the level and the relevance of information, and usability, such as easiness of use and learnability, as well as functionalities commonly met in these systems, affect user interaction and satisfaction.
Turk, N. "Do open access biomedical journals benefit smaller countries? The Slovenian experience." Health Information & Libraries Journal vol. 28, n. 2 (2011). pp. 143-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2011.00932.x
Scientists from smaller countries have problems gaining visibility for their research. Does open access publishing provide a solution? Slovenia is a small country with around 5000 medical doctors, 1300 dentists and 1000 pharmacists. A search of Slovenia’s Bibliographic database was carried out to identity all biomedical journals and those which are open access. Slovenia has 18 medical open access journals, but none has an impact factor and only 10 are indexed by Slovenian and international bibliographic databases. The visibility and quality of medical papers is poor. The solution might be to reduce the number of journals and encourage Slovenian scientists to publish their best articles in them. JM
Wagner, A. B. "Open Access Citation Advantage: An Annotated Bibliography." Issues in Science and Technology Librarianship vol., n. (2010). pp.: http://www.istl.org/10-winter/article2.html
This annotated bibliography lists studies and review articles that examine whether open access (OA) articles receive more citations than equivalent subscription; i.e., toll access (TA) articles. The bibliography is divided into three sections: Review articles [5 reviews] Studies showing an open access citation advantage (OACA) [39 articles] - Studies showing either no OACA effect or ascribing OACA to factors unrelated to OA publication [7 articles]
Westell, M. "Institutional repositories: proposed indicators of success." Library Hi Tech vol. 24, n. 2 (2006). pp.: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/07378830610669583
This paper proposes indicators for measuring the success of institutional repositories based on their demonstrated integration with other research initiatives and provides a snapshot of the current state of selected institutional repositories in Canada through a review of their web presence and their integration with university library and research pages. Design/methodology/approach – Using the proposed indicators, an examination of the web sites of selected Canadian universities who are participating in the Canadian Association of Research Libraries Institutional Repository project was undertaken. Findings – Institutional repositories are growing in Canada and that the Canadian IR community is on the way to the proposed model future – integration with existing university research practices. Originality/value – Indicators such as those proposed in the paper can provide a basic framework for evaluating IR projects and highlight areas where the library can generate additional support for these worthwhile projects.
Wouters, P. and R. Costas (2012). [e-Book] Users, narcissism and control - tracking the impact of scholarly publications in the 21st century, SURFfoundation. Texto completo: http://www.surffoundation.nl/nl/publicaties/Documents/Users%20narcissism%20and%20control.pdf
From the Executive summary: This report explores the explosion of tracking tools that have accompanied the surge of web based information instruments. The report therefore advises to start a concerted research programme in the dynamics, properties, and potential use of new web based metrics which relates these new measures to the already established indicators of publication impact. Its goal would be to contribute to the development of more useful tools for the scientific and scholarly community. This programme should monitor at least the following tools: F1000, Microsoft Academic Research, Total-Impact, PlosONE altmetrics, and Google Scholar. The programme should moreover develop the following key research themes: concepts of new web metrics and altmetrics; standardisation of tools and data; and the use and normalisation of the new metrics.
Zuber, P. A. "A Study of Institutional Repository Holdings by Academic Discipline." D-Lib Magazine vol. 14, n. 11/12 (2008). pp.: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november08/zuber/11zuber.html
Studies have shown the advantage of open access publication in terms of citation rate and research impact (Antelman, 2004). These studies have quantified citation rates through various methods, including comparing identical articles in both closed (meaning paid) access and open access, and historical averages within disciplines. Although the data suggest a higher citation rate with open access, some disciplines have demonstrated a reluctance to embrace open access. Issues of premature disclosure, plagiarism, fear of upsetting the current system, indifference, long term storage and retrieval, and intellectual property rights are among the most noted (Yiotis, 2005).
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